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Flashcards in Managing Environment Deck (55)
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1
Q

environment in management process model

A
  • Surrounds the entire model

- Emphasis on managing the near environment that directly affects individuals and families

2
Q

ways we can manage environment

A
  • Stewards of the earth
  • Natural capital: from an economics perspective, the environment is natural capital that needs to be protected
  • Sustainable development: ensuring that present and future social needs are met
  • Product life cycle
  • Reducing, reusing, recycling
3
Q

environmentalism

A
  • How to retain existing environmental resources; concern for environment
  • Both social (“save x, y, z”) and physical
4
Q

environmental problems

A
  • Water: shortage, pollution (97% of world’s water unusable)
  • Noise: any unwanted sound
  • Energy: production, wastage, pollution
  • Waste, recycling: integrated waste management
  • Air quality: deterioration comes from many sources
5
Q

costs of reducing energy use

A
  • Installation
  • Maintenance
  • Time
  • Effort required
  • Poor disapproval
  • Psychological cost: “felt deprivation”
6
Q

methods of reducing energy use

A
  • Efficiency investments (saves most money yet used least)
  • Better management
  • Curtailment of amenities
7
Q

inaccurate estimates of saving money

A
  • Overestimate savings when use curtailment and management

- Underestimate savings from efficiency investments

8
Q

do equal billing policies help reduce use of energy?

A
  • People consume more
    • Distances usage from cost
    • No price cues
  • Concern: used by low-income and elderly people
9
Q

BC hydro initiatives

A
  • Recognize businesses/universities as meeting sustainable goals
  • Households:
    • Lighting rebates
    • Fridge buyback
    • Windows rebate program
10
Q

generational differences (boomers vs. millennials, surveyed when they were same age)

A
  • Personal effort to help environment
    • Baby Boomer: 15%
    • Millennial: 5%
  • Clean-up programs
    • Baby Boomer: 33%
    • Millennial: 20%
11
Q

deterrents to recycling

A
  • Separation rule
  • Storage system
  • Removal procedure
12
Q

why people don’t recycle (most to least)

A
  • Inconvenient: 43%
  • Time consuming: 40%
  • Took up too much space: 33%
  • Recycling as much as they could
  • Used non-recycled items some other way (ie. Burning papers)
13
Q

why people recycle

A
  • Social responsibility: 82%
  • Want to reduce landfill: 75%
  • Reduce demand for raw materials: 53%
14
Q

does recycling always help?

A
  • NO!
  • Resource consumption increases when your have option to recycle
    • Especially when a product is free or the cost is paid by others (ie. Paper at the office, paper towels)
15
Q

where do clothes go when they’re given to charity?

A

½ sold to rag industry, over 1/3 sold through thrift stores

16
Q

Fast Fashion

A
  • disposable fashion (Ex. H&M stores)
  • Young women were innovators and early adopters
  • Influenced by fashion media
  • Clothes manufactured to wear a short time (<10 times)
  • More textile waste than before (30% vs. 7%)
  • Tend to dispose of clothing without considering further use of item or its environmental impact
  • 36% donated to thrift stores, 7% resold and 7% recycled, and rest in trash
17
Q

efforts to decrease textile waste

A
  • Are great at recycling other items so have chance of encouraging textile recycling if convenient
  • Oxfam organized clothes swapping events
  • Ex. Marks & Spensers + Oxfam: every bag of unwanted M&S clothes donated received coupon for shopping
18
Q

clothes swapping events

A
  • Rotate homes
  • Bring clothes, accessories, books, linens
  • Set rules (ie. Bring 15 good-quality items and swap for 15)
19
Q

5 common environmental themes

A
  • Community of meaning and support
  • Emotional affiliation
  • Localized access to political discourses
  • Personalization of the practice
  • Identity formation
20
Q

Community of meaning and support

A

Green bags were bought and used to communicate membership in an environmentally conscious local community

21
Q

Emotional affiliation

A
  • Avoiding plastic bags reminds them they are different or even better than others about the environment
  • If deviate from using green bags, feel guilty
22
Q

Localized access to political discourses

A
  • Local sources (media, people) alerted them to environmental issue of plastic bags
  • Then they began to notice stores that offered alternatives to plastic
23
Q

Personalization of the practice

A
  • Some used green bags to carry other things (books, items to parties)
  • Some also took plastic bags to use for other purposes, but used green bags for groceries
24
Q

Identity formation

A

Use of green bags began to shape their use of other environmentally-conscious behaviours

25
Q

results from 2011 UK Environmental study

A
  • Plastic is less polluting and toxic than paper and cotton

- To be less than the effect of a plastic bag, need to reuse cloth bag 327 times and paper bag 9 times

26
Q

issues with cloth bags

A
  • Bacterial contamination
  • More frequent laundering needed
  • Wrap some items in paper/plastic
27
Q

variables that influence pro-environmental behaviours

A
  • Demographics
  • Attitudes (90% are concerned about the impact of their consumer choices on the environment, yet most don’t buy green products)
  • Values
28
Q

who adopts ecological innovations?

A
  • Gen Y consumers want to enjoy the products they consume. Joyful consumption is a prerequisite to eco-innovativeness
  • Biosphere values (protect nature for its own sake) increase eco-innovativeness
  • If you’re less influenced by judgment of others, you tend to be eco-innovative
    • On the other hand, ecological consumers tend to be susceptible to social norms
29
Q

influences on behaviours and attitudes

A
  • Attitude -> behaviour
  • The right moderator variable can increase correlation between attitude and behaviour
  • Attitude + moderator -> behaviour
  • Ex. Strong moderators: perceived consumer effectiveness (you feel like the things you do make a difference); faith in others
30
Q

4 dimensions of attitudes (internal locus of control)

A
  • Green consumer (Ex. The more I buy “green” products, the more I help persuade companies to become friendlier to the environment)
  • Activism (Ex. By making donations to pro-environmental groups, I can help make a positive influence on the state of the environment)
  • Advocate (Ex. If willing, people can generally influence their friends’ transportation habits)
  • Recycling (Ex. By recycling, I am doing my part to help the state of the environment)
31
Q

effective advertising campaigns should be

A
  • Presented by credible source
  • Message should be specific
  • Presented in vivid, personal manner
  • More sensitive to LOSS than to GAIN
  • Best medium of communication: peers, friends, neighbours
32
Q

actions to enhance pro-environmental behaviour

A
  • Increase individual’s concern for environment (already high)
  • Increase their belief that they can make a difference (ie. Have personal control over environmental outcomes)
33
Q

public policy to influence environmental behaviours

A
  • Economic incentives
    • Green taxes or environmental levies
    • Develop regulations on eco-labelling
  • Advertising moral obligations to others
    • Create social and moral norms
    • Ex. Focus on social approval and consumer’s perception of moral behaviour resulted in non-smoking as the social norm
34
Q

stewards of the earth

A

act in sustainable ways to preserve the earth for our children, grandchildren, and those outside their immediate family circle

35
Q

sustainability

A
  • conscious design and the consideration of the impacts consumption choices make on the environment given finite resources; meeting present needs without compromising ability of future generations to meet their needs
  • 3 legs of sustainability: Social, Economic, Environmental
36
Q

resource education

A

brings current and potential sustainability problems to the forefront for discussion and research

37
Q

ecological footprint vs. carbon footprint

A
  • ecological footprint: impact on the land, air, and sea from consumption of goods and resources; the amount of land and sea required to support an individual’s lifestyle and consumption
  • carbon footprint: measuring and reducing environmental impact of carbon emissions resulting from activities like using fuel to transport goods
38
Q

ecosystem vs. habitat vs. organisms

A
  • subsystem of ecology that emphasizes the relationship between organisms and their environment
  • Organisms: living things
  • Habitat: where organisms live
39
Q

social environmental resources vs. physical environmental resources

A
  • Social environmental resources: include societies, economic and political groups, and community organizations that unite in a common cause
  • Physical environmental resources: include natural tangible (ie. Oceans, trees, soil) and less tangible (ie. Air, sound, and light) surroundings
40
Q

global warming

A

caused when carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases collect in their air and trap solar heat reflected from the earth; over time, it can alter the earth’s temperature, sea levels, and storm systems

41
Q

ecoconsciousness vs. conservation

A
  • ecoconsciousness: thoughts and actions given to protecting and sustaining the environment
  • conservation: the act or process of preserving and protecting natural environments from loss or depletion
42
Q

problem recognition

A

when and individual or family perceives a significant difference between the lifestyle predicted and some desired or ideal lifestyle; this discrepancy must be large enough to push the individual to action

43
Q

need recognition vs. opportunity recognition

A
  • Need recognition: person realizes how much they need a certain product, service, or condition (ex. Gas prices surge and become unaffordable)
  • Opportunity recognition: individual realizes that they may have limited or no access to a product, service, or condition (ex. Gas stations close for a day)
44
Q

biodegradability

A

the capability of a material to decompose over time as a result of biological activity (ability to be broken down by microorganisms)

45
Q

biological diversity

A

multidimensional concept encompassing the variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological complexities in which they occur

46
Q

ethics vs. environmental ethics

A
  • Ethics: systems of morals, principles, values, or good conduct
  • Environmental ethics: used when deciding which species will be saved and which won’t
47
Q

waste stream

A

all garbage/trash produced

48
Q

2 significant factors in creating successful environmental/conservation programs

A

Ease and convenience

49
Q

green building

A

relationship of a house and its occupants with the environment; involves eco-friendly design and processes

50
Q

pollution

A

common to all environmental problems; general term referring to undesirable changes in physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of air, land, or water than can harm the health, activities, or survival of living organisms

51
Q

source reduction

A

changing the design, manufacturing, purchasing, or use of materials and products, including packaging, to reduce the amount of toxicity before they become municipal solid waste

52
Q

fossil fuels

A

remains of dead vegetation (ie. Coal, oil, natural gas)

53
Q

municipal solid waste

A
  • trash or garbage

- Increasing problem as population grows in cities

54
Q

integrated waste management

A

a system where waste products are sorted, recycled items are reused, and the rest are cleanly burned in a furnace that produces steam to generate electricity -> only remaining ash goes to the landfill

55
Q

positive ecology

A

incorporating several environmentally conscious practices into daily life management