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Tudor History > Mary I > Flashcards

Mary I Flashcards

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1
Q

What year did Mary get married, and to whom?

A

Philip II of Spain 1554

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2
Q

When were the bad harvests and typhus epidemics?

A

• Bad harvests: 1555 and 1556
• Typhus: 1556-58

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3
Q

How many parliaments did Mary have during her reign ?

A

5 - She died during her 5th Parliament

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4
Q

Why was Wyatt’s rebellion so threatening to Mary?

A

• It reached the gates of the City of London
• Elizabeth was implicated in the plot to overthrow her

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5
Q

How many men and women were burnt as heretics ?

A

289
- 52 Women
- 237 Men including 5 Bishops

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6
Q

How much debt did Mary inherit and leave?

A

Inherited: £185,000
Left: £300,000

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7
Q

How did Mary reform the military?

A
  • Created the first standing army 1558
  • Invested £14,000 in building and repairing ships (3-21)
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8
Q

What did Mary loose in January 1558 due to conflict with France ?

A

Calais

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9
Q

What year did England declare war on France ?

A

June 1557

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10
Q

How many councillors did Mary appoint during her reign?

A

50

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11
Q

What did Mary introduce which increased customs duties by 100%?

A

Book of Rates 1558

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12
Q

When did Pope Julius III dies and why was this a problem for Mary?

A

Died in 1555

Problem because Pope Paul IV was anti Spanish and considered Cardinal Pole as a heretic

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13
Q

Why did Mary need parliament to enforce her counter-reformation in law?

A

Because reformation legislation had previously been created by statute law, and could only be changed the same way

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14
Q

What signs of Catholicism occurred prior to Mary’s accession to the throne ?

A

• Alters in Melton Mowbray
• Requiem Mass heard at Bishopsgate in London

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15
Q

What caused the Wyatt’s Rebellion ?

A

Religious grievances
Xenophobia
Decline in local cloth industry

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16
Q

How many bishops did Mary deprive of their offices?

A

Deprived 7 Bishops from their offices

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17
Q

When did Mary repeal the religious laws passed during Edward’s reign? What impact did this have?

A
  • October 1553
  • Reverting the church service to its condition at the time of Henry VIII’s death in 1547.
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18
Q

What action did Mary take against married clergy? When?

A

Mary deprived any married clergy (10-25%) of their church offices for breaking the traditions of the Catholic Church, doing so in October 1553.

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19
Q

When was the Act of Repeal passed? What impacts did this have?

A

-1555
- Revoked royal supremacy
- Returned England to the remit of the Catholic Pope.

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20
Q

Assess the overall impact of the burning of heretics under Mary

A
  • Overall flawed
  • Effective creation of martyrs for the Protestant population to follow.
  • Resulted in sympathy among the wider population too as they spectated at the burnings
  • Weakened the sense of fear and oppression Mary hoped to create.
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21
Q

How many Protestants fled to Europe at the start of 1554?

A

800

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22
Q

When did Parliament reject a bill proposing the seizure of lands of Protestant exiles?

A

1555

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23
Q

How many copies of the 1552 Book of Common Prayer remained in circulation during Mary’s reign?

A

19,000

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24
Q

What long/medium term factors impacted inflation during Mary’s reign?

A

Long - rapid population increases had increased demand on food supplies, causing rises in prices.
Medium - the debasement of the coinage from 1544 and in Edward’s reign had caused prolonged inflation.

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25
What short term factors had caused social issues during Mary’s reign? - Marian Society/Economy
Poor harvests in 1555/6 had increased strain on food supplies and generated inflation - Sweating sickness of 1557/8 created a major death toll.
26
What changes were made to the Court of Exchequer by Mary? When? - Marian Society/Economy
-1554 - Tthe Court of Exchequer took over both the Court of First Fruits and Tenths AND the Court of Augmentations - In order to improve financial administration and make it more efficient.
27
What mistake did Mary make with regards to subsidies? How did this benefit/cost her?
Mary made the error of remitting the final part of Edward’s last subsidy, meaning that a significant hole emerged in the country’s finances. However, this did greatly increase Mary’s popularity.
28
What action did Mary take to alleviate socioeconomic pressures on the poor?
Mary attempted to enforce laws against grain hoarders particularly stringently, while encouragement was given to convert pasture land to tillage.
29
Why is it difficult to assess the impacts of Mary’s social policies?
- Extremely rare circumstances which developed during her reign - Making it incredibly difficult to place any blame upon her for social issues during the period.
30
How many men participated in Wyatt’s Rebellion?
3000 men participated in Wyatt’s Rebellion.
31
When did Wyatt’s Rebellion last from-until?
25th January 1554 - 7th February 1554.
32
What was crucial in defusing Wyatt’s rebellion?
Prevented from entering the City of London by the Crown’s forces at Ludgate
33
By what % had agricultural wages fallen up by Mary’s reign in the previous 50 years?
By Mary’s reign, agricultural wages had fallen by 60% in the previous 50 years.
34
What were the aims of Mary’s foreign policy? - Marian Foreign Policy
- Restore papal supremacy - Create an alliance with Spain by marrying Philip of Spain.
35
When did Mary loose Calais?
January 1558
36
What was the consequences of the loss of Calais?
Humiliation as the town had been under English control for centuries. There was no attempt to retake the town.
37
When did Mary attempt an attack on Brest? What was the outcome of this?
- 1558 - Failed dismally and no territory was taken.
38
How many ships were built during Mary’s reign? What happened to other ships? What does this suggest?
- 6 ships were built - Many other functioning ships being repaired. - This suggested that Mary was seeking to provide greater protections and defences for England in peacetime.
39
How much money did Mary grant to the navy in peacetime?
£14,000
40
When was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis signed?
1559
41
What were the impacts of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis on England? (Both positive and negative)
- Ended the Spanish and French conflict and ending England’s involvement in this. - However, negotiations did not advance English interests and no attempt was made to recover Calais.
42
What were advantages of Mary’s marriage to Philip in 1554 FOR MARY?
- Strengthened Anglo-Spanish alliances - Increased potential for an heir - Mary very keen on a Spanish alliance due to her close ties to the country.
43
What were disadvantages of Mary’s marriage to Philip in 1554 FOR MARY?
- Created major domestic disapproval - Led to alienation from the Pope - Created issues with Parliament - Little compatibility with Philip.
44
When did Philip return to England following the commencement of Franco-Spanish conflict to call for English support? What action did Mary take?
- 1557 - Asked for English military assistance in the Franco-Spanish conflict. - Attempted to pressurise Mary but she managed to resist - Remained neutral in the conflict for the time being.
45
How important was the loss of Calais economically?
- Major significance due to the trade made possible through the port. - Described as being economically crippling.
46
How important was the loss of Calais territorially?
- Lost England’s largest territory on the French mainland, although its importance was waning.
47
How important was the loss of Calais militarily and in terms of morale?
Militarily - had become strategically irrelevant and a burden since Henry VIII’s reign. Morale - displayed as a major defeat for Mary, had been a major source of English pride.
48
When did England send troops to the Netherlands? Why?
England sent troops to the Netherlands in 1557 to help a trade-sensitive and important region resist French attack.
49
When was Mary proclaimed Queen by the Council and by Northumberland?
- Council: 19th July 1553 - Northumberland: 20th July 1553.
50
What was the Devyse? Why did it fail?
- Northumberland’s plan to interfere with the succession and install his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, on the throne. - Failed due to the unpopularity of the idea to interfere with the correct succession, while any attempt to place his daughter-in-law on the throne was a deeply corrupt and nepotistic move.
51
Who did Mary gather support from in her attempt to take the throne? Where were the majority of these people based?
- Support from common folk, the nobility and the gentry - Much of this support coming from East Anglia, where she had been based.
52
What problems faced Mary upon her accession to the throne? - Marian Government
- Religious divisions - Little political training and few monarchical qualities - Supporters had no experience in government, hence meaning she would need to rely on some of Edward’s advisors.
53
Who was Bishop Gardiner? What were his beliefs?
- Churchman who had been Henry VIII’s Secretary and was a staunch religious conservative. - Undergone imprisonment during Edward’s reign and was likely to support the return to Catholicism.
54
Who was Sir William Paget?
- Diplomat and administrator under Henry VIII who later served in the governments of Somerset, Northumberland and lastly Mary. - Conservative and would therefore advocate for a reduction in radicalism that had risen under Edward.
55
Why did Mary frequently lose confidence in Paget and Gardiner respectively?
- Paget: opposition to her religious programme - Gardiner: Never fully trusted due to the lack of support extended to her mother, Catharine of Aragon, by him.
56
Which 2 foreigners did Mary often rely on for advice? - Marian Government
- Philip of Spain - Simon Renard, a Catholic Spaniard who was the ambassador of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor.
57
What terms were agreed as part of Mary and Philip’s marriage treaty?
- Philip would be made King but have no right to exercise the powers associated with the title - Any child resulting from the marriage would inherit England and the Low Countries - No foreigners could hold English offices - Philip would have no claim to the throne if he outlived Mary.
58
When did Parliament prevent Philip’s coronation as king?
1555
59
What issue was created by the 1544 Act of Succession for Mary?
Under the terms of the 1544 Act of Succession, if Mary should die childless, then Elizabeth would succeed her as Queen. - This would likely result in a shift back towards Protestantism, unravelling Mary’s work to create a Catholic country again.
60
What action did Mary take towards Elizabeth both immediately after Wyatt’s Rebellion and more long-term? - Marian Government
- Imprisoned in the Tower of London, suspecting that she was likely to be implicated in the revolt. - Later released but kept under house arrest.
61
When did Mary pass the New Act for the Taking of Musters? What did this achieve?
- 1557 - Every section of society was required to gather men, horses and equipment for military service. - Penalties for absence also became harsher.

Tudor History (27 decks)

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