MCM exam I

Question 1

Nucleotides are made of

Answer 1

sugar, one or more phosphate groups and nitrogenous base

Question 2

Nucleosides are made of

Answer 2

sugar and nitrogenous base

Question 3

DNA is made of

Answer 3

deoxyribose, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

Question 4

Purines

Answer 4

Guanine and Adenine, double ring structure

Question 5

Pyridmines

Answer 5

Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil single ring structure

Question 6

DNA structure is

Answer 6

double helix with antiparallel strands that have complimentary base pairing running in opposite directions
5’ to 3’
3’ to 5’

Question 7

Phosphate group is located on which end

Answer 7

5’ end

Question 8

Sugar is located on which end

Answer 8

3’ end

Question 9

How many H bonds do G and C have

Answer 9

3 H bonds

Question 10

How many H bonds do A and T have

Answer 10

2 H bonds

Question 11

Nucleotides are joined by what type of bond

Answer 11

phosphodiester linkage between 5’ and 3’ carbon atoms

Question 12

DNA replication is said to be

Answer 12

semi-conservative

Question 13

central dogma of molecular biology is

Answer 13

DNA synthesis followed by transcription and then translation to amino acids, phenotype of an organism is determined by how the DNA is processed

Question 14

What is a gene

Answer 14

a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a particular protein or even RNA molecule as their final product

Question 15

What are the three major divisions of the living world as grouped by the similarity of DNA sequence

Answer 15

Bacteria (eubacteria), Archaea (archbacteria), and Eukaryotes

Question 16

RNA is made of

Answer 16

ribose, phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

Question 17

mRNA is

Answer 17

RNA that is carries genetic code for proteins

Question 18

rRNA is

Answer 18

RNA components that serve as structural/functional components of the ribosome

Question 19

tRNA is

Answer 19

RNA that helps incorporate amino acids into the polypeptide chain

Question 20

snRNA is

Answer 20

RNA that process pre-mRNA

Question 21

miRNA is

Answer 21

RNA that inhibits translation of mRNA

Question 22

siRNA is

Answer 22

RNA that triggers degradation of other RNA molecules

Question 23

nitrogenous base is attached to the C1 carbon via what type of bond

Answer 23

N-glycosidic bond

Question 24

Nucleotides function

Answer 24

1. structure of DNA/RNA
2. carry chemical energy
3. create coenzymes with other groups
4. used as specific signaling molecules in the cell

Question 25

What are the 3 parts that make an amino acid

Answer 25

``` Amino group (NH) Carboxylic acid group (CO=OH) R group (variable) ```

Question 26

Amino acids are formed with what bond

Answer 26

peptide bond

Question 27

Amino acids have intrinsic polarity because they have

Answer 27

an N terminus which will have partial positive charge and a C terminus which will have partial negative charge

Question 28

primary structure of protein is determined by

Answer 28

amino acid sequence

Question 29

Secondary structure of proteins is determined by

Answer 29

steric hindrance around peptide bond and noncovalent bonds between neighboring peptide bonds

Question 30

Two commonly found secondary structures include

Answer 30

alpha helices and beta pleated sheets

Question 31

Tertiary structure of proteins is determined by

Answer 31

large amounts of weak noncovalent interactions between peptide back bond and variable R groups

Question 32

Nonpolar amino acids cluster to

Answer 32

interior of molecule

Question 33

Polar amino acids cluster to

Answer 33

exterior of molecule

Question 34

protein structure decreases

Answer 34

overall free energy of the structure

Question 35

secondary structure that has Hydrogen bonding between N-H and the C=O in neighboring peptide bonds located 4 peptide bonds away in the same chain

Answer 35

alpha helix

Question 36

Secondary structure that has adjacent peptide chains running in opposite directions with hydrogen bonding between peptide bonds in different strands holding individual polypeptide chains together

Answer 36

beta sheet

Question 37

Protein functions include

Answer 37

metabolic pathways, cell to cell signaling, membrane transport

Question 38

What are the 4 macromolecules found within cells

Answer 38

Nucleic acids, Proteins, Polysaccharides and fats

Question 39

What is the monomer of polysaccharides

Answer 39

sugars

Question 40

what is the monomer of fats

Answer 40

fatty acids

Question 41

Fatty acids are made of

Answer 41

a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

Question 42

Large spherical fat droplets in the cell cytoplasm are

Answer 42

triglycerides

Question 43

Self- sealing lipid bilayers are the basis for all cell membranes and are made of

Answer 43

phospholipids and glycolipids