MD2002 Week 5

Question 1

which musc agonist works on eyes and head?

Answer 1

pilocarpine works on this part of body

Question 2

which musc agonist works on bladder and GI?

Answer 2

bethanechol works on this part of body

Question 3

which drug is similar to atropine but does not cross BBB?

Answer 3

glycopyrronium

Question 4

which musc antagonist bronchodilates?

Answer 4

ipratropium

Question 5

foam cells

Answer 5

macrophages that have ingested LDL

Question 6

role of smooth muscle in atherosclerosis

Answer 6

they migrate from tunicamedia to intima and turn into fibroblasts to turn into cap of atheroma

Question 7

what make up fatty streaks?

Answer 7

foam cells + T lymphocytes =

Question 8

rate limiting step in blood coagulation

Answer 8

activation of factor X into Xa is the rate limiting step

Question 9

haemophilia

Answer 9

disorder that impairs blood clotting ability

Question 10

examples of acquired clotting impairment

Answer 10

• liver disease
• vit K deficiency
• anti-coagulants

Question 11

how does Warfarin act against vit K?

Answer 11

this drug prevents vit K reduction

Question 12

Dalteparin

Answer 12

a Heparin drug

Question 13

which anticoagulant is a family of sulphated glycosaminoglycans

Answer 13

Heparin is this type of polysaccharide

Question 14

what does heparin act on? (2)

Answer 14

this drug acts on ATIII and serine proteases

Question 15

mechanism of clopidogrel

Answer 15

an anti platelet drug that blocks ADP site on P2Y12 purinergic receptors, inhibiting ADP-induced platelet aggregation

Question 16

what bonds does plasmin act on?

Answer 16

this enzyme acts on ARG-LYS bonds

Question 17

mechanism of streptokinase

Answer 17

this non-enzymatic protein attaches to and activates plasminogen

Question 18

alteplase

Answer 18

a tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

Question 19

what is used in the therapy of myocardial infarction?

Answer 19

fibrinolytic agents + aspirin is used for this

Question 20

where do the intrinsic hand/foot muscles originate?

Answer 20

these muscles originate from distal carpal/tarsal bones

Question 21

organization of FDS tendons in the wrist

Answer 21

tendons to middle and ring lie on top, index and little below

Question 22

outline catecholamine synthesis

Answer 22

tyrosine (tyrosine hydroxylase) -> DOPA (DOPA decarboxylase) -> dopamine (dopamine b-hydroxylase) -> NA (PMNT) -> A

Question 23

what is the rate limiting step in catecholamine synthesis

Answer 23

tyrosine -> DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase

Question 24

DOPA decarboxylase antagonist that prevents hypertension in pregnancy

Answer 24

methyldopa

Question 25

how is NA reuptaken?

Answer 25

norepinephrine transporter (NET) and vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) uptake this NT

Question 26

what degrade NA?

Answer 26

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Question 27

what drugs affect uptake/degradation of NA? (2)

Answer 27

1. sympathomimetic drugs (e.g. amphetamines) | 2. MAOIs

Question 28

affects of a1 adrenoreceptor (2)

Answer 28

this adrenoreceptor vasoconstricts and contracts smooth muscle (GI and GU sphincters)

Question 29

what does a2 adrenoreceptor do?

Answer 29

this adrenoreceptor decreases transmitter release

Question 30

how does b1 adrenoreceptor affect BP?

Answer 30

1. increases HR and volume per pump | 2. releases renin, stimulating fluid retention

Question 31

what does b2 adrenoreceptor do? (3)

Answer 31

1. bronchodilates 2. relaxes smooth muscle 3. vasodilates

Question 32

how is BP controlled by sympathetic NS?

Answer 32

b1 increases HR, volume per pump, and releases renin (fluid retention). a1 constricts peripheral blood vessels

Question 33

agonist for adrenoreceptor a1

Answer 33

phenylephrine

Question 34

agonist for adrenoreceptor a2

Answer 34

clonidine

Question 35

agonists for adrenoreceptor b2 (2)

Answer 35

1. salbutamol | 2. salmeterol

Question 36

agonist for adrenoreceptor b1

Answer 36

dobutamine

Question 37

phentolamine

Answer 37

adrenoreceptor a1 and a2 antagonist

Question 38

antagonist for adrenoreceptor a1

Answer 38

prazosin

Question 39

beta blockers (3)

Answer 39

1. propranolol 2. atenolol 3. carvedilol

Question 40

drug for premature labour

Answer 40

salbutamol treats this

Question 41

drug for nasal congestion

Answer 41

phenylephrine treats this by constricting airway blood vessels (a1)

Question 42

what stem cell differentiates into all blood components?

Answer 42

hematopoietic cells

Question 43

granulocytes and their characteristics (3)

Answer 43

1. neutrophils (phagocytic, short-lived, numerous) 2. eosinophils (important in parasite defence) 3. basophils (least common)

Question 44

mast cells

Answer 44

leukocyte that releases agents such as histamine when triggered by IgE (allergies)

Question 45

types of T cells (2)

Answer 45

1. cytotoxic (CD8) | 2. helper (CD4)

Question 46

plasma cell

Answer 46

differentiated form of B cell that secretes Abs

Question 47

what do IF-a and IF-b do? (3)

Answer 47

1. increases resistance to viral replication of nearby cells 2. increase MHC class I 3. activate NK cells

Question 48

key difference b/w CD8 T cells and NK cells

Answer 48

this lymphocyte is not antigen specific

Question 49

3 complement activating pathways

Answer 49

1. classical: Ab binds to antigen 2. lectin: direct binding to surface 3. alternate pathway: direct trigger by pathogen surface

Question 50

outline classical pathway

Answer 50

Ab attaches to antigen and C1q "tulip" binds to Ab. C1q attracts other compliments such as C3 which is cleaved into C3a and C3b

Question 51

what does compliment protein C3 differentiate into?

Answer 51

this protein differentiates into C3b (opsonin) and C3a (inflammation mediator)

Question 52

membrane attack complex (MAC)

Answer 52

pore in bacteria made by compliment proteins C5-9

Question 53

CD59

Answer 53

protein preventing membrane attack complex from forming on healthy cells

Question 54

key difference b/w lymph node and spleen

Answer 54

latter 2ndary lymphoid organ receives antigen from blood rather than lymph

Question 55

what region of the Ab binds to the antigen?

Answer 55

Fab (2 head) region of Ab binds here

Question 56

Germline Theory

Answer 56

wrong theory suggesting that a separate gene exists for each Ab

Question 57

Somatic Diversification Theory

Answer 57

theory stating that Ab repertoire is generated from a limited # of V region genes that undergo Chromosomal Rearrangement

Question 58

Junctional Diversity

Answer 58

sloppy splicing b/w D and J segments of Ab transcription leaves a bit of DNA, which are filled randomly

Question 59

4 factors of Ab diversity

Answer 59

1. somatic diversification 2. junctional diversity 3. different combinations of H and L chains 4. somatic hypermutation

Question 60

affinity maturation

Answer 60

mutations in V region of Ab by somatic hypermutation

Question 61

how are monoclonal antibodies made?

Answer 61

hybridoma technology is used to make these

Question 62

what condition can cervical ribs cause?

Answer 62

these can cause thoracic outlet syndrome -- compression of neurovascular bundles lying on 1st rib

Question 63

what neurovascular structures are most likely to be damaged in thoracic outlet syndrome?

Answer 63

ulnar nerve and subclavian artery most likely damaged in this condition

Question 64

which artery has the highest incidence of atherosclerosis?

Answer 64

abdominal aorta has the highest incidence of this condition

Question 65

what drug would you give for cardiogenic shock?

Answer 65

dobutamine given for this condition

Question 66

where is IgE found?

Answer 66

this Ab is found near epithelial surfaces

Question 67

where is IgA found?

Answer 67

this Ab is found in secretions across epithelia

Question 68

adrenoreceptor drug used to treat cardiac arrhythmias with minimal respiratory side effects

Answer 68

atenolol or propranolol used to treat this condition