MD2002 Week 6

Question 1

Turner’s Syndrome

Answer 1

Disorder of 45, XO

Question 2

What stage of bone growth does the SHOX gene proliferate in?

Answer 2

Absence of what gene important in the hypertrophic stage of bone growth causes short stature?

Question 3

Beckwith-Weidemann Syndrome

Answer 3

Disorder caused by paternal uniparental disomy, causing increased expression of IGF-II causing overgrowth

Question 4

Pituitary Gigantism

Answer 4

Disorder caused by increased IGF-1, therefore increased GH released

Question 5

Achondroplasia

Answer 5

Disorder caused by overstimulation of FGFR3

Question 6

Metaplasia

Answer 6

change of differentiated cell type

Question 7

What are the bacterial predispositions of osteomyelitis?

Answer 7

1. salmonella (sickle cell)
2. brucella (travel)
3. S. epidermis (prosthesis)
4. H. influenza (children under 5)
5. e coli (UTI)

Question 8

most common organism responsible for osteomyelitis

Answer 8

S. aureus causes this bone disease

Question 9

what part of the hip bone do we sit on?

Answer 9

we sit on the ischial tuberosity

Question 10

what parts of hip bone lie directly above and below ischial spine?

Answer 10

greater/lesser sciatic notch lie above/below this hip bone structure

Question 11

linea aspera

Answer 11

ridge on posterior surface of femur

Question 12

adductor tubercle

Answer 12

tubercle on medial supracondylar ridge that affords insertion to adductor magnus

Question 13

soleal line

Answer 13

ridge on proximal posterior tibia

Question 14

which end of fibula is arrow-shaped

Answer 14

distal end of fibula is shaped like this

Question 15

which side of fibula is grooved ?

Answer 15

characteristic of posterior fibula

Question 16

difference between IgG and IgM Ab in blood

Answer 16

latter Abs naturally due to components in food mimicking A and B antigens, and are more damaging to RBCs

Question 17

what genes on which chromosome code for H substance on blood cells that A/B antigens bind to?

Answer 17

FUT1 and FUT2 genes (chromosome 19) code for this

Question 18

what genes on which chromosome code for glucose transferases that add sugar groups to blood antigens?

Answer 18

A and B genes (chromosome 9) code for this

Question 19

what extra sugar is on A antigen?

Answer 19

N-acetylgalactosamine is unique to this blood antigen

Question 20

what extra sugar is on B antigen?

Answer 20

galactose is unique to this blood antigen

Question 21

lifespan of platelets

Answer 21

this blood cell has a lifespan of 4-5 days in blood

Question 22

sinusoids

Answer 22

fenestrated arteries in bone marrow

Question 23

how many blood cells does one produce in a day?

Answer 23

one produces 500 billion a day

Question 24

where is bone marrow extracted from patient?

Answer 24

this is extracted from patient on iliac crest

Question 25

where is the largest site of hematopoiesis in foetuses?

Answer 25

liver is the main site of hematopoiesis in this life stage

Question 26

what are found in reticulocytes?

Answer 26

these blood cells have residual mRNA

Question 27

how does kidney factor in hematopoiesis?

Answer 27

this organ sense O2 levels and feeds consequent amount of erythropoietin to bone marrow

Question 28

difference between 1ary and 2ndary polycythaemia

Answer 28

former is overproduction of RBC, latter is overproduction of erythropoietin

Question 29

what effect on blood cells can occur with kidney tumour

Answer 29

2ndary polycythaemia can occur from this disease

Question 30

EPO and Hb levels in an anaemic

Answer 30

this disease causes low Hb and consequent high EPO

Question 31

how many days do RBCs need to mature into reticulocytes?

Answer 31

these blood cells need 7 days to mature in marrow

Question 32

thalassaemia

Answer 32

disease causing abnormal Hb formation

Question 33

aplastic anaemia

Answer 33

disease where marrow becomes increasingly fatty thus unable to produce all blood cells

Question 34

myeloma

Answer 34

cancer of plasma cells

Question 35

what disease is caused by the Philadelphia chromosome?

Answer 35

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia is caused by this mutation

Question 36

treatment for acute myeloid leukaemia

Answer 36

treatment for this disease is chemotherapy to produce marrow aplasia so marrow regenerates from residual stem cells

Question 37

Hb levels in anaemic males and females

Answer 37

males

Question 38

haematocrit

Answer 38

packed cell volume

Question 39

haematinics

Answer 39

substances required for normal RBC development (iron, B12, folate)

Question 40

what is tested for in iron studies and what do they do?

Answer 40

1. serum ferritin: stores iron 2. serum iron 3. transferrin: transports iron from gut to cells that use it 4. TIBC (total iron binding capacity): amount of transferrin in relationship to body’s need for iron

Question 41

megaloblastic anaemia

Answer 41

anaemia resulting from B12 or folic acid deficiency

Question 42

pernicious anaemia

Answer 42

autoimmune disorder where B12 cannot be absorbed

Question 43

cause of macrocytic cells (3)

Answer 43

1. megaloblastic anaemia 2. high alcohol intake 3. haemolytic anaemia

Question 44

what enters the lesser sciatic foramen? (4)

Answer 44

1. tendon of obturator internus 2. nerve of obturator internus 3. internal pudendal vessels 4. pudendal nerve

Question 45

boundaries of adductor canal

Answer 45

anterior: sartorius posteromedial: adductor longus and magnus lateral: vastus medialis

Question 46

contents of adductor canal (4)

Answer 46

1. femoral artery 2. femoral vein 3. saphenous nerve 4. nerve to vastus medialis

Question 47

a type O patient can receive plasma from which blood types?

Answer 47

this patient can receive plasma from any blood type

Question 48

normal Hb

Answer 48

women: 115-160g/L men: 130-180g/L

Question 49

normal WBC

Answer 49

4-11x10^9/L

Question 50

why does haemolytic anemia produce macrocytic cells?

Answer 50

this type of anemia causes macrocytic cells b/c increase in demand for RBCs thus large immature cells produced