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PHYSIOLOGY > ME01 - Cell and Molecular Physiology > Flashcards

ME01 - Cell and Molecular Physiology Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Nervous vs Hormonal Control

A

Nervous Hormonal
Reaction Time Fast Slow
Mediators Neurons Hormones
Type of Msgr Electrical Impulse Organic message
Response Target External Envt Internal Envt
Linking Mechanism Nerves, Synapses Blood, Circulatory
Effectors Muslces and glands Organ Systems
Function Nervous coordination Chemical coordination

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2
Q

Maintenance of constant conditions in the internal environment
“Balance”

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

Contributions of Diff Organ Systems to “Homeostasis”

A

ECF Transport & mixing - Circulatory
Provision of Nutrients - GI, Respi(O2), Liver (metabolic), Musculoskeletal (locomotion)
Removal of Metabolic wastes - Excretory, Respi (CO2), Liver, GI (feces)
Protection - Immune, Integumentary
Reproduction - Reproductive
Control - Nervous & Endocrine

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4
Q

Explain Feedback Mechanism

A

Stimulus&raquo_space; Receptor&raquo_space; Signal&raquo_space; RESPONSE

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5
Q

Percentage in Body Fluid Compartments

A

TBW - 60% body weight
ICF - 40% body weight
ECF - 20% body weight

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6
Q

Components of ECF

A

ECF 20% Body weight
Interstitial fluid - 75% (20%) body weight
Plasma - 25% (20%) body weight

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7
Q

ECF - Extracellular Fluid ions involved

A

Sodium, Chloride,

Bicarbonate ions nutrients (oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids)

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8
Q

Internal environment of the body

“internal milieu”

A

ECF - Extracellular Fluid

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9
Q

What happens to the products of ECF

A

CO2 -> lungs

Cellular waste products -> Kidneys

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10
Q

ICF - Intracellular Fluid ions involved

A

Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphate ions

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11
Q

Compartment that has special mechanism for transporting ions through cell membrane “MAINTAINING THE ION CONCENTRATION DIFFERENCES” between ECF and ICF

A

ICF - Intracellular Fluid

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12
Q

Major cation for Plasma and Interstitial Fluid

A

Na+

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13
Q

Major anions for ICF

A

Organic PO4

Protein

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14
Q

Major anions for ECF, Plasma, Interstitial Fluid

A

Cl
HCO3
(for plasma only - Plasma protein)

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15
Q

Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

A

Nuclear membrane

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16
Q

Separates the Cytoplasm from the surrounding fluid

A

Cell Membrane or Plasma membrane

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17
Q

Collective term for different substances that make up the cell

A

Protoplasm

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18
Q

Five basic substances that make up the protoplasm

A 
Water
Electrolytes
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
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19
Q

Principal fluid medium of the cell

A

Water

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20
Q

Water is present in most cells except for _____ cells.

Concentration of water is at ______ percent.

A

Fat cells

70-85 percent

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21
Q

Inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions

A

Electrolytes/Ions

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22
Q

Examples of Electrolytes/Ions

A

Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphate, Sulfate, Bicarbonate, Sodium, Chloride, Calcium

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23
Q

Percentage of Protein in cell mass

A

10-20%

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24
Q

Types of Proteins

A

Structural Proteins

Functional Proteins

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25
Long intracellular filaments that form MICROTUBULES and FIBRILLAR PROTEINS
Structural Proteins
26
Examples of Structural Proteins
Cytoskeleton of cellular organelles | Fibrillar Proteins in COLLAGEN and ELASTIN FIBERS
27
Combinations of few molecules in "tubular-globular" form
Functional Proteins
28
Example of Functional Proteins
Enzymes - substances that catalyze specific intracellular chemical reactions
29
Soluble in fat solvents but insoluble in water
LIPIDS
30
Examples of LIPIDS
PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL - forms cell membrane | TRIGLYCERIDES - storehouse of energy-giving nutrients
31
Cell component that has little structural function but plays a major role in "cellular nutrition"
Carbohydrates (Glucose, Glycogen)
32
Important points in the physical structure of cell
Enveloped by cell membrane Composed of intracellular organelles Mitochondria plays a big part in energy production (95% of energy prod happens in mitochondria)
33
What makes the "mosaic-look" of the Fluid-Mosaic Model of Cell Membrane
Fluid-Mosaic Model Composed of a phospholipid bilayer Proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer which gives the "mosaic-look"
34
Most important component of Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane that gives the characteristic of membrane permeability CONTROLS THE FLUIDITY OF THE MEMBRANE
Cholesterol
35
Acts as "guardian of the cell" Made up of a lipid bilayer Divides the body into ECF and ICF Compartments
Cell Membrane
36
Important Parts of the Cell Membrane
Phospholipid Bilayer Membrane Proteins Glycocalyx Other Membrane Lipids (Cholesterol)
37
Composition of a "Phospholipid Bilayer"
Hydrophilic heads - phosphate ends (soluble in water) Hydrophobic tails - fatty end tails (insoluble in water) "Amphiphatic molecules" - having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic component
38
Types of Membrane Proteins
Integral Proteins - anchored and embedded, span the cell membrane Ex. transmembrane proteins (ions channels, transport proteins, receptors, G proteins) Peripheral Proteins - not embedded, not covalently bound, loosely attached, GIVES the "mosaic-model" appearance
39
Loose carbohydrate coat of the cell membrane | CHO x CHON/Lipids (glycoprotein, glycolipid)
Glycocalyx
40
Carbohydrate substances bound to small protein cores
Proteoglycans
41
Function of Glycocalyx
Imparts negative electrical charge Attachment of other cells Receptor substances for binding hormones Immune reactions
42
Characteristic feature of Cellular Organelle
Membrane - bound | Enclosed within its own lipid bilayer
43
How are cellular organelles identified and purified
Identified by microscopy | Purified by Cell Fractionation
44
Network of tubular and flat vesicular structures in cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum
45
Space inside the tubules and vesicles is filled with __________
Endoplasmic Matrix
46
Space inside the ER is connected with space between the ________________
Two membrane surfaces of the nuclear membrane
47
Machinery for major metabolic functions of cell
ER
48
Granular ER : ______ | Agranular ER : _____
RER | SER
49
ER with large numbers of ribosomes are attached
RER
50
FUNCTION OF RER AND SER
RER: Protein Synthesis SER: Detoxification of substances; Lipid Synthesis
51
Organs where SER is predominantly found
Liver and Kidneys
52
Fate of Ribosomes
1. Bound for cell membrane and lysosomes of cell | 2. Free-floating - create CHON bound to cytoplasm & mitochondria
53
Composed of four or more stacked layers f thin, flat enclosed vesicles Closely related to ER
Golgi Apparatus
54
Where is Golgi apparatus prominently found
Secretory cells
55
Functions of Golgi Apparatus
Packaging of proteins | Molecular tagging - labeling proteins where to go (M6P)
56
TRANSPORT IN GOLGI APPARATUS
small vesicles continually pinch off from ER ER vesicles fuse with CIS FACE (CONVEX) of Golgi APP transported substances are processed and tagged Golgi vesicles are extruded from the TRANS FACE (CONCAVE) of Golgi app for delivery to target cells
57
Vesicular organelles that form by braking off from Golgi Apparatus Intracellular digestive system for damaged cellular structures, food particles
Lysosomes
58
Enzymes found in Lysosomes
Hydrolase, Lysozyme, Lysoferritin - binds to iron for bacterial growth
59
Ion that triggers the apoptosis once the lysosomes have completed their function
Calcium
60
Difference of Apoptosis and Necrosis
APOPTOSIS NECROSIS (+) cell death programmed unprogrammed No inflammation (+) Inflammation
61
Oxidizes poisonous substances | Degrades free radical that may damage cells
Peroxisomes
62
Difference of Peroxisomes with Lysosomes
Peroxisomes are formed by self-replication or budding from SER contain oxidase and catalase
63
How are secretory vesicles formed
Formed by the ER-Golgi apparatus system
64
Functions of Secretory Vesicles
Storage for enzyme that are not yet activated (PROENZYMES) | Replenish he plasma membrane whenever it forms phagocytic or pinocytic vesicle
65
Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
66
Unique characteristics of mitochondria
Self-replicative does not follow genetic code purely Maternally derived
67
Function is provide rigid physical support for certain parts of cell (intracellular scaffolding)
Cytoskeleton
68
Examples of Cytoskeleton
Filaments: Actin and Myosin Microtubules: Flagellum in sperm cell, cilia in respi tract
69
Control center of the cell
Nucleus
70
Exception to the statement: "Almost all nucleated cells in the body contain same set of chromosomes and DNA"
Mitochondrial DNA | Sex cells
71
Also called the nuclear envelope | Outer membrane is continuous with the ER of cytoplasm
Nuclear Membrane
72
Unlike most of organelle, it does not have limiting membrane
Nucleolus
73
Nucleolus becomes considerably enlarged when _______
When the cell is synthesizing proteins
74
Vesicular transport: Exocytosis Endocytosis
Exocytosis: Extruding contents outside the cells; Ca2+ dependent Endocytosis: Molecules are absorbed and internalized (Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis)
75
Types of Endocytosis
Phagocytosis: Cell eating (Bacteria and Dead Tissue are engulfed by WBCs) Pinocytosis: Cell drinking Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis: Receptor-mediated (Internalization of LDL and its receptors)
76
Energy Production in CELLS
ATP - universal energy currency O2 - final electron acceptor in ETC CO2 and H2O - waste products of metabolism
77
Energy Utilization in Cells
Breakdown of ATP to ADP to release energy
78
Cellular movements of CELL
Amoeboid - "crawling" (WBC) Ciliary - "whip-like, to-and-fro" (Respiratory Epithelium, Fallopian Tubes) Flagellar - "rotatory" (flagella of sperm cell)
79
Characteristics of LIFE
``` Organization Metabolism Growth Locomotion Irritability Reproduction Adaptation ```
80
CELL CYCLE
Go - G1 - cellular contents, excluding chromosomes, are duplicated S - Chromosomes are duplicated by the cell G2 - Cell "double-checks" the duplicated chromosomes for error MITOSIS Cytokinesis
81
``` Complete Table. Process Template Product Replication Transcription Translation ```
Process Template Product Replication DNA DNA Transcription DNA mRNA Translation mRNA proteins
82
MITOSIS & MEIOSIS
Interphase - DNA Replication occurs Prophase - Chromatin condenses into chromosomes; Spindle fibers project toward invisible line called equator Metaphase - Chromosomes align; Spindle fibers are attached to kinetochores in the centromere Anaphase - separation of chromatids Telophase - migration complete; chromosomes unravel to become less distinct chromatin threads; Cytokinesis form 2 cells Meiosis Interphase - chromosomes duplicate Prophase I - Homologous chromosomes pair exchange segments Metaphase I - tetrads line up Anaphase I - Pair of chromosomes split up
83
Number of daughter cells, example and function in Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis: 2 diploid (2n) daughter cells identical to parent cells (Somatic body cells - for growth and repair) Meiosis: 4 haploid (n) daughter cells different from each other and parent cells (Sex cells - gametes, diversity in sexual reproduction)
84
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis
85
Enzymes involved in Apoptosis
Caspases

PHYSIOLOGY (13 decks)

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