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PHYSIOLOGY > ME03 - Somatosensory Systems > Flashcards

ME03 - Somatosensory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Two types of General Sense and examples

A

Somatic (Cutaneous) senses
- Touch, pressure, vibration, warmth, cold, pain, tickle, itch and proprioception

Visceral senses
- Stretch, pain, chemo-, osmotic-, baro-

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2
Q

What are Special Senses

A

Olfaction, vision, taste, hearing and equilibrium

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3
Q

Transmits information to the CNS about the state of the body and its contact with the environment

A

SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM

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4
Q

Pathway of Somatosensory System

A

Sensory receptor cells&raquo_space; Neural Pathways&raquo_space; Brain Cortex

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5
Q

Specialized epithelial cells that receive stimuli from the external or internal environment

A

Sensory receptor cells

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6
Q

Neurons that transduce environmental signals (light, temperature) into neural signals

A

Sensory receptor cells

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7
Q

Conduct information from the receptors to the brain or spinal cord

A

Neural pathways

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8
Q

Deal primarily with processing the information

A

Brain cortex

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9
Q

Information processed by a sensory system may or may not lead to conscious awareness of the stimulus

A

Sensory information

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10
Q

State of (conscious or unconscious) awareness of external and internal conditions in the body

A

Sensation

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11
Q

Conscious recognition of sensation
Damaged neural networks may give faulty perceptions
Phantom limb: sensation of a limb that has been amputated

A

PERCEPTION

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12
Q

Receptors are particularly distinct to a specific type of environmental change and less sensitive to other forms of stimuli

A

Selective Response of Sensory Receptors

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13
Q

Example of Selective Response of Sensory Receptors

A

Vision receptors contain pigment molecules that respond to light

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14
Q

What are the different mechanoreceptors and their location and functions

A

PACINIAN CORPUSCLE - Deep skin layer; Vibration (tapping)
MEISSNER’S CORPUSCLE - Superficial skin layer; Superficial touch (flutter and stroking movements)
RUFFINI’S CORPUSCLE - Deep skin layer; Skin stretch
MERKEL’S DISK - Superficial skin later; Steady pressure and texture
PROPRIOCEPTORS - Muscle, joints, tendons; Position

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15
Q

What are the different SOMATOSENSORY Receptors, Location and functions

A

WARM RECEPTORS Skin; Warm Temperature (30-45C)
COLD RECEPTORS Skin; Cold Temperature (20-35C)
NOCICEPTORS Skin, Muscle, Viscera; Noxious stimuli, extreme of temperature

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16
Q

Identify different types of SOMATIC SENSATION

A

Tactile sensations
- Touch, pressure, vibration, tickle, itch

Themoreceptive sensation
- Heat and cold
-
Pain

Proprioception
- Receptors from this sensations comes from the skin, muscles, bones, tendons, and joints

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17
Q

Mechanoreceptors with nerve endings linked to net-works of collagen fibers within a capsule

A

Touch-Pressure Receptors

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18
Q

What are Rapid adapting receptors

A

Touch, movement, and vibration sensations

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19
Q

What are Slow adapting receptors

A

Pressure

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20
Q

Muscle-spindle stretch receptors in skeletal muscles, mechanoreceptors in the joints, tendon organs (Gol-gi), ligaments, and skin
Also supported by vision and the vestibular organs

A

Posture & Movement

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21
Q

Types of Stretch Receptors

A

Muscle spindle
- Activity depends on muscle length
- Annulospiral, flower-spray endings

Golgi tendon
- Passive stretch and active contraction increases the tension of the tendon that activate the tendon organ receptor

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22
Q

What activates with stimuli outside the absolute temperature?

A

Nocireceptors, because of high probability of tissue damage

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23
Q

Range of temperature the body can only adapt

A

20 and 40 C

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24
Q

Skin thermoreceptors play a role in temperature regulation, which is controlled by

A

Centers in Hypothalamus

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25
Q

Gradiations of temperature

A

Blue to Red
(freezing cold > cold > cool > indifferent > warm > hot
> burning hot)

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26
Q

Cold spots>warm spots: located beneath the skin at discrete spots. Which spots are cold and warm receptors located

A

Warm receptors- free nerve endings, transmitted thru type c fibers
Cold receptors- type A delta nerve fibers, some type c

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27
Q

Different types of Headache:
Tension

Sinus

Cluster

Migraine

A

Different types of Headache:
Tension - Pain experienced as a squeezing band around the head

Sinus - Pain behind browbone and/or cheekbones

Cluster - Pain localized in one eye

Migraine - Typical signs are pain, nausea and altered vision.

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28
Q

Free nerve endings that are stimulated when there is tissue damage

A

Pain: Nociceptors

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29
Q

Different qualities of pain

A

Cutaneous pricking pain: well localized and easily tolerated
Burning pain: poorly localized and poorly tolerated
Deep pain: arising from the viscera, musculature and joints, poorly localized, can be chronic and often as-sociated with referred pain

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30
Q

Sensitive to a stimuli causing tissue injury

A

Nociceptors

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31
Q

Chemical mediators of Nociceptors include:

A

Histamine, bradykinin & prostaglandins from site of injury
ATP & 5-HT (serotonin) from platelets activated by injury
Substance P from the primary sensory neurons

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32
Q

Effect of mechanoreceptive pain receptors, ischemia

A

Muscle spasm

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33
Q

Pain from deep structures of the head referred to the surface

A

Headache

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34
Q

Areas that are pain sensitive

A

Venous sinuses
Tentorium
Dura at the brain base
Meningeal blood vessels
Middle meningeal artery

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35
Q

Types of Headache

A

Headache of meningitis
Low CSF pressure headache
Migraine headache
Alcoholic headache
Headache cause by constipation

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36
Q

Severe headache from the inflammation of meninges

A

Headache of meningitis

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37
Q

Headache of Unknown mechanism
Starts with a prodrome lasting minutes to an hour

A

Migraine headache

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38
Q

Best time to intervene in a migraine headache

A

Prodrome

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39
Q

Different theories of migraine headache

A

Vasospasm of the arteries producing ischemia
Spreading cortical depression
Psychological abnormalities
Vasospasm by excess potassium in the ECF

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40
Q

Headache Alcohol- toxic to tissues

A

Alcoholic-headache

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41
Q

Headache From absorbed toxic products or fluid loss in the gut

A

Headache caused by constipation

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42
Q

Types of Extracranial headache

A

Headache from muscle spasm
Headache from irritation of nasal and accessory nasal structures
Headache caused by eye disorders
Muscle contraction
Excessive irradiation

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43
Q

Pain of visceral origin is referred to sites on the skin and follows the dermatome rule
Sites are innervated by nerves that arise from the same segment of the spinal cord

A

Referred Pain

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44
Q

Example of Referred Pain

A

Ischemic heart pain is referred to the chest and shoulder

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45
Q

Type of Referred Pain that is localized in the dermatomal segments from which the organs originated in the embryo

A

Referred Visceral Pain | e.g. Heart pain fibers enter C3 and T5

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46
Q

Referred pain occurs because both visceral and so-matic afferents often converge on the same neurons in the spinal cord. True or False

A

TRUE

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47
Q

What are the causes of true visceral pain?

A

Ischemia of visceral tissue
Chemical damage to the visceral surface
Spasm of hollow viscus smooth muscle
Overdistention of hollow viscus
Stretching of tissues surrounding or within the viscera

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48
Q

Visceral disease spreads to parietal peritoneum, pleura or pericardium. True or False

A

True.

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49
Q

What causes “sharp pain” | Ex. Appendicitis

A

Parietal surface supplied with pain innervation

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50
Q

Follow pain pathway on referred pain to the umbilicus (APPENDICITIS)

A

Inflamed appendix pass pain impulses into the spinal cord levels T10 or T11 referred pain to the umbilicus
Impulses from the parietal peritoneum where the inflamed appendix directly touches causes sharp RLQ pain

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51
Q

Follow the pathway for SENSORY TRANSDUCTION

A

Transformation of stimulus energy&raquo_space; Receptor potentials&raquo_space; Action potentials in nerve fibers

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52
Q

Mechanisms of Receptor Potentials By mechanical deformation

A

Stretches the receptor membrane
Opens ion channels

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53
Q

Mechanisms of Receptor Potentials By application of a chemical

A

Opens ion channels

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54
Q

Mechanisms of Receptor Potentials By change of the temperature of the membrane

A

Alters the permeability of the membrane

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55
Q

Basic cause of the change in membrane potential is a change in membrane permeability of the receptor. True or False

A

TRUE

56
Q

Function of a Pacinian corpuscle

A

Eliciting an Action Potential

57
Q

Components of a Pacinian corpuscle

A

Central nerve fiber extending through its core.
Surrounding multiple concentric capsule layers
Central fiber of the pacinian corpuscle
- The tip of the central fiber - unmyelinated

58
Q

What happens if there is Compression anywhere on the outside of the corpuscle

A

Compression anywhere on the outside of the corpus-cle will
- Elongate
- Indent or
- Deform the central fiber

59
Q

Follow the pathway for Stimulus arrivin at a sensory receptor

A

Stimulus arrives at sensory receptor&raquo_space; Opening of ion channels&raquo_space; Receptor Potential&raquo_space; (Depolarization; Hyperpolarization)&raquo_space; Threshold reached&raquo_space; Action Potential

60
Q

A single afferent neuron with all its receptor endings

A

Sensory unit

61
Q

Area of the body when stimulated, changes the firing

A

Receptive field

62
Q

Example of a Receptive field

A

Ice cube on the skin give rise to sensations of touch and temperature simultaneously

63
Q

Receptive fields overlap so that when 1 point is stimulated it activates several sensory units. True or False

A

TRUE

64
Q

Differentiate Large & Small Receptive Field

A

Large receptive field: less precise perception
Small receptive field: more precise perception

65
Q

Conversion of receptor potentials into action poten-tials that conveys sensory information to the CNS

A

Sensory Coding

66
Q

Nature of a sensation and the type of reaction gener-ated vary according to the destination of sensory im-pulses in the CNS. True or False

A

True.

67
Q

Different Characteristics of the stimuli

A

Type (Modality)
Intensity
Location
Duration

68
Q

Property by which one sensation is distinguished from another

A

Modality of sensation

69
Q

Different types of Modalities and Submodalities

A

Modalities: Touch-Pressure, Posture-movement, Temperature, Pain
- Submodalities: Warmth, cold (Temperature)

70
Q

The type of sensory receptor activated by a stimulus plays the primary role in coding the stimulus modality. True or False?

A

TRUE

71
Q

Calling in or activation of receptors on addition-al afferent neurons

A

Recruitment

72
Q

Relationship between Intensity of stimulation and Frequency

A

Increased stimuli, increased action potential

73
Q

Relation Between Receptor Potential and the Action Potential Frequency:

A

The more the receptor potential rises above the threshold level, the greater action potential frequency.

74
Q

Relation Between Stimulus Intensity and the
Receptor Potential

A

Stevens Power Law | Weber-Fechner Law
- Very intense stimulation causes progressively less and less additional increase in amplitude of receptor potentials
- Allows the receptors to have an extreme range of response
- From very weak to very intense

75
Q

The magnitude of a subjective sensation increases proportional to a POWER of the stimulus intensity

A

Steven’s Power Law

76
Q

The magnitude of a subjective sensation increases proportional to the LOGARITHM of the stimulus intensity

A

Weber-Fechner Law

77
Q

[Localization of Stimuli] where the stimulus is being applied

A

Location

78
Q

[Localization of Stimuli] Precision in locating the stimulus

A

Acuity

79
Q

In Acuity, small receptive field size, more precise localization. True or False

A

True.; Example: Two point discrimination

80
Q

Receptors are at the edge of a stimulus is strongly inhibited compared to information from the stimuluss center

A

Lateral inhibition

81
Q

Receptors adapt either partially or completely to any constant stimulus after a period of time. True or False

A

TRUE

82
Q

Explain Adaptation of Receptors.

A

When a continuous sensory stimulus is applied,
- The receptor responds at a high impulse rate at first
- Then progressively slower rate until
- Finally the rate of action potentials decreases to very few to none at all

83
Q

Two types of Adaptation Receptors?

A

Tonic Receptors; Phasic Receptors

84
Q

Differentiate Tonic & Phasic Receptors

A

Adaptation: Tonic receptors
Muscle spindle; pressure; slow pain
Slowly adapting
Respond repetitively to a prolonged stimulus
Detect a steady stimulus

Adaptation: Phasic Receptors
Pacinian corpuscle; light touch
Rapidly adapting
Action potential frequency declines with time in re-sponse to a constant stimulus | Detect onset and Offset of a stimulus

85
Q

What are the Different Fiber Types

A

> > Fastest Conduction Velocity
A-alpha (Large a-motorneurons) IA Muscle spindle afferents IB Golgi Tendon Organ&raquo_space; Largest Diameter

> > Medium Diameter & Conduction Velocity
A-beta (Touch, Pressure) II Secondary afferents of muscle spindles; Fine touch and pressure
A-gamma (y-motorneurons to muscle spindles/intrafusal)

> > Small Diameter & Medium Conduction Velocity
A-delta (Touch, Pressure, Temperature and Pain) III Crude touch, pressure, sharp and fast pain and temperature
B preganglionic autonomic fibers

> > Smallest Diameter & Slowest Conduction Velocity
C-slow pain, postganglionic fibers IV-Slow and Dull Pain and Temperature (unmyelinated)

86
Q

Transmit signals in varying frequencies
Diameter is proportional to conduction velocity

A

Sensory nerve fibers

87
Q

Nerve fibers are specific in transmitting only one modality of sensation

A

Labeled line principle

88
Q

Signals are subject to modification at the various synapses along the sensory pathways before they reach higher levels of the CNS. What principle is applied?

A

Control of Incoming Sensory Signals

89
Q

Information is reduced or even abolished by inhibition from collaterals from other ascending neurons (e.g., lateral inhibition) or by pathways descending from higher brain centers. True or False

A

True.

90
Q

What are the different Somatosensory Pathways?

A

Ascending pathway (Sensory) | Nonspecific ascending pathway |

91
Q

Ascending pathway (Sensory)

A

Consists of a bundle of 3-afferent sensory neuron chains that run parallel to each other in the CNS and carry information to the cerebral cortex*

92
Q

Differentiate Specific & Nonspecific Ascending Pathway

A

Specific ascending carry a single type of stimulus
Nonspecific ascending different stimuli

93
Q

Specific ascending Pathway

A

Transmit information from somatic receptors pass the brainstem and thalamus into the Somatosensory cortex
Processing of afferent information does not end in the primary cortical receiving areas but continues to association areas of the cerebral cortex

94
Q

Nonspecific ascending Pathway

A

Polymodal neurons different stimuli
Convey information from more than one type of sen-sory unit to the brainstem reticular formation and re-gions of the thalamus that are not part of the specific ascending pathways

95
Q

Specific regions of the Primary Somatosensory area (postcentral gyrus, posterior to the central sulcus) receive somatic sensory input from different parts of the body

A

Somatosensory Cortex

96
Q

What are the major somatosensory areas of the cerebral cor-tex

A

SI and SII

97
Q

Follow the Sensory pathway: Receptors to the Cortex

A

First-order neurons - Cell bodies are in the dorsal root or spinal cord ganglia
Second-order neurons - Located in the spinal cord or brain stem
Third-order neurons - located in the relay nuclei of the thalamus
Fourth-order neurons - located in the appropriate sensory area of the cerebral cortex

98
Q

Primary afferent neurons that receive the transduced signal and send the information to the CNS

A

First-order neurons (DRG/ Spinal cord ganglia)

99
Q

Receive information from primary afferent neu-rons in relay nuclei and transmit it to the thala-mus
Axons may cross the midline in a relay nucleus in the spinal cord before they ascend to the thala-mus - sensory information originating on one side of the body ascends to the contralateral thala-mus.

A

Second-order neurons (located in the spinal cord/brainstem)

100
Q

Responsible for the information that ascends to the cerebral cortex

A

Third-order neurons (relay nuclei of the thalamus)

101
Q

Information received by this neuron results in a conscious per-ception of the stimulus

A

Fourth-order neuron (sensory area of the cerebral cortex)

102
Q

What are the Neural pathways of the Somatosensory system

A

Ascending Anterolateral pathway/ Spinothalamic pathway
Dorsal column pathway

103
Q

Pathways cross from the side where the afferent neu-rons enter the central nervous system to the opposite side either in the spinal cord (Anterolateral system) or in the brainstem (Dorsal column system)

A

Neural pathways

104
Q

Pathway responsible for the Fine touch, pressure, two-point discrimination, vibra-tion, and proprioception
Consists primarily of group II fibers

A

Dorsal column system

105
Q

Explain the course of Dorsal column system

A

Primary afferent neurons: cell bodies in the dorsal root, axons ascend ipsilaterally to the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus of the medulla
Second-order neurons cross the midline and ascend to the contralateral thalamus
Third-order neurons ascend to the somatosensory cortex, where they synapse on fourth-order neu-rons+A110

106
Q

Pathway responsible for the Temperature, pain, and light touch
Group III and IV fibers enter the spinal cord and terminate in the dorsal horn

A

Anterolateral pathway

107
Q

Explain the course of Anterolateral Pathway

A

Primary afferent neurons: cell bodies in the dorsal root, axons ascend ipsilaterally to the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus of the medulla Second-order neurons cross the midline to the anterolateral quadrant of the spinal cord and ascend to the contralateral thalamus
Third-order neurons ascend to the somatosen-sory cortex, where they synapse on fourth-order neurons

108
Q

Destruction of the thalamic nuclei results in _____________?

A

Loss of sensation on the contralateral side of the body

109
Q

Little man
SI has a somatotopic representation similar to that in the thalamus

A

Sensory homunculus
- The largest areas represent the face, hands, and fingers, where precise localization is most im-portant.

110
Q

What are the Sensory Pathways for Pain

A

Paleospinothalamic tract
Neospinothalamic tract

111
Q

Processes pain and temperature information

A

Spinothalamic pathway

112
Q

Fast pain
- Mechanical (intense pressure), thermal pain stim-uli ( >45 or

A

Neospinothalamic tract

113
Q

Pathway for Spinothalamic

A

Nociceptors _ spinal cord (layer I) _ crossed_LST_ VPL and VPI of the thalamus _SC I - Long fibers that cross immediately to the opposite side of the cord through the anterior commissure and then turn upward, passing to the brain in the anterolateral columns

114
Q

Slow pain
- Polymodal nociceptors (high-intensity persisting mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli)
- C fiber (group IV)

A

Paleospinothalamic tract

115
Q

Pathway for Paleospinothalamic

A

Peripheral fibers terminate in the spinal cord al-most entirely in laminae II and III of the dorsal horns, which together are called the substantia gelatinosa
- Enters mainly lamina V, also in the dorsal horn
- Join the fibers from the fast pain pathway, pass-ing first through the anterior commissure to the opposite side of the cord, then upward to the brain in the anterolateral pathwbay

116
Q

Clinical Abnormalities of the Sensory Pathway

A

Brown Sequard syndrome
Syringomyelia
Tabes dorsalis

117
Q

Loss of sensation and motor function paralysis and ataxia caused by the lateral hemisection (cutting) of the spinal cord

A

Brown Sequard syndrome
Pain, temperature sensations lost on the opposite side of the body(Spinothalamic pathway)
Kinesthetic, position, vibration, discrete localization and two-point discrimination lost on the side of the transection (Dorsal column)
Crude touch retained

118
Q

Chronic disease of the spinal cord characterized by the presence of fluid-filled cavities and leading to spasticity and sensory disturbances

A

Syringomyelia

119
Q

Syringomyelia is usually seen in what part of the body

A

Generally in the cervical region, with resulting neuro-logic defects; thoracic scoliosis is often present

120
Q

Parenchymatous neurosyphilis marked by degenera-tion of the posterior columns and posterior roots and ganglion of the spinal cord

A

Tabes dorsalis

121
Q

Manifestationsof Tabes dorsalis

A

muscular incoordination
- paroxysms of intense pain
- visceral crises
- disturbances of sensation
- Trophic disturbances, especially of bones and joints(tabes-wasting)

122
Q

Selective suppression of pain without effects on con-sciousness or other sensations

A

Analgesia

123
Q

System of Analgesia (process of analgesia)

A

Descending pathways selectively inhibit the transmis-sion of information originating in nociceptors -> re-lease certain endogenous opioids -> inhibit the prop-agation of input through the higher levels of the pain system e.g. morphine

124
Q

Gating Theory of Pain modulation

A

Transmission turns on gate for pain
Inhibitory cells shut the gate
Perception of pain is subject to modulation

125
Q

Analgesia system: Pain suppression in the brain and spinal cord

A

Periaqueductal gray and periventricular area of mes-encephalon and upper pons Raphe magnus nuclei, nucleus reticullaris pargigan-tocellular

126
Q

Pain inhibitory complex

A

Dorsal horn of Spinal Cord

127
Q

Stimulation of higher brain centers that suppress per-iaqueductal gray area can also suppress pain:

A

Periventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus
Medial forebrain bundle

128
Q

Transmitters involved in the Analgesia system:

A

Enkephalin presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibi-tion of type Adelta and C fibers
Serotonin

129
Q

Painful site itself or the nerves leading from it are stimulated by electrodes placed on the of the skin

A

Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

130
Q

Stimulation of non-pain, low threshold afferent fibers (touch receptor fibers) leads to the inhibition of neu-rons in the pain pathways. True or False

A

True.

131
Q

Needles are introduced into specific parts of the body to stimulate afferent fibers, and this causes analgesia

A

Acupuncture

132
Q

Endogenous opioid neurotransmitters are involved in acupuncture analgesia. True or False

A

TRUE

133
Q

What are the Most important Opiate-like substances

A

Met and leu-enkephalin
_-endorphin
Dynorphin

134
Q

Inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins and slows the transmission of pain signals from the site of injury

A

Aspirin

135
Q

Act directly on opioid receptors in the brain, which activate descending pathways that inhibit incoming pain signals

A

Opiates (endogenous opioids: endorphins & enkepha-lins)

PHYSIOLOGY (13 decks)

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