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PHYSIOLOGY > ME02 - Muscle Physiology > Flashcards

ME02 - Muscle Physiology Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

[Skeletal Muscle]
Intrafusal:
Extrafusal:

A

Gamma/Intrafusal: Muscle Spindle

Alpha/Extrafusal: Muscle Contraction

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2
Q

Types of Extrafusal

A

Type I: Slow Oxidative (Red)
Type IIb: Fast Glycolytic (White)
Type IIa: Fast Oxidative (Red to Pink)

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3
Q

Complete table
Type I Type IIb Type IIa
Contraction/
ATPase activity

ATP synthesis
Rate of fatigue
Fiber diameter
Activities
Location
A

Complete table
Type I Type IIb Type IIa
Contraction/ Slow Fast Fast/Intermediate
ATPase activity

ATP synthesis Oxidative Glycolytic Oxidative
Rate of fatigue Slow Fast Intermediate
Fiber diameter Small Larger Intermediate
Activities Endurance Quick, Power Uncommon
Posture
Location Soleus, EOMs, abundant SRCA
Antigracity muscles
of back

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4
Q

One SLOW RED OX with a Perfect Posture

A

Mnemonic yes

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5
Q

Types of Cardiac Muscle Fibers

A

Atrial Muscle Fibers
Ventricular Muscle Fibers
Conductive Muscle Fibers

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6
Q

Types of Smooth Muscle

A

Multi-unit Smooth Muscle Unitary Smooth Muscle
Act on their own Act together as one
Controlled by ACh, NE Controlled by hormones, stretch
- Gap Junctions + Gap Junctions
No true AP, Electronic cond. Pacemaker waves, Spike pot.
- Spontaneous contractions Exhibit spontaneous contractions
Ciliary eye muscle, iris Intestines, Bile Ducts, Ureters
piloerector muscle, vas deferens

Fine Motor Control Gross/Movement

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7
Q

Smooth Muscle

Phasic vs Tonic

A

Phasic Smooth Muscle Tonic Smooth Muscle
Rhythmic, Intermittent Continuously active
Walls of GI, Urogenital Sphincters, Respiratory sm. ms

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8
Q

Component of Skeletal Muscle

A

Sarcomere&raquo_space; Myofibril&raquo_space; Muscle Fiber&raquo_space; Muscle Fascicle&raquo_space; Skeletal Muscle

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9
Q

Endomysium surrounds _______________
Perimysium surrounds _________________
Epimysium surrounds _________________

A

Endomysium surrounds Muscle Fiber
Perimysium surrounds Muscle Fascicle
Epimysium surrounds Skeletal Muscle

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10
Q

Plasma membrane that surrounds muscle fiber

A

Sarcolemma

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11
Q

Invaginations of sarcolemma in close proximity to the terminal cisternae of SR, in 90 degrees

A

Transverse Tubules

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12
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum surrounds myofibril

Contains Calcium for muscle contraction

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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13
Q

Functional unit of muscle
Between two Z lines
Thick and Thin Filaments

A

Sarcomere

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14
Q

Thick vs Thin Filaments

A 
THICK 
Myosin Tail - 2 heavy chains
Myosin Head - free ends of heavy chain + light chain
Body: Tails bundled together
Cross Bridges : Arms and Myosin Heads
Hinges : Arm-Body and Arm Head

THIN
Actin, Tropomyosin, Troponin
Troponin T - attach troponin complex to tropomyosin
Troponin I - inhibits actin-myosin
Troponin C - calcium binding protein
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15
Q

Muscle Proteins

A

Titin - scaffolding | Tethers Myosin to Z lines, Binds Z to M lines
Dystrophin - Attach and Stabilize to Plasmalemma, Prevent contraction induced rupture

Actinin and Capz Protein - Binds Actin to Z lines
Desmin - Binds Z lines to plasma membrane

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16
Q

Muscle protein related to Duchenne’s and Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A

Dystrophin

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17
Q

What happens if Troponin Opens

A

Muscle contracture happens

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18
Q

Structure

A 
Z line - middle of I band
I band
A band - everything between I band
H band - Thick Filament includes M line
M line - Middle line in the Thick Filament
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19
Q

Skeletal Muscle Contraction

A

Sliding Filament Model
- thin filament slide against thick filament toward center of sarcomere
Z-discs meets the myosin filaments

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20
Q

Steps in Muscle Contraction

A

Discharge of motor neuron
Release of ACh at MPE
Binding of ACh to Nicotinic ACh receptor
Increased Na and K conductance in MPE
Endplate potential
AP in muscle fibers
Inward spread of depolarization along T tubules
Release of Ca from terminal cisterns of SR
Diffusion to thick and thin filaments
Binding of Ca to troponin C&raquo_space; uncovering myosin binding sites
Formation of cross-linkages between actin and myosnin
Sliding of thin on thick filaments&raquo_space; SHORTENING

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21
Q

Steps in Muscle Relaxation

A

Ca2+ pumped back into the SR
Release of Ca2+ from troponin
Cessation of interaction between actin and myosin

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22
Q

What is the distance achieved in each cross bridge cycle

A

10 nanometers

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23
Q

Brief muscular contraction followed by relaxation due to a single action potential

Study These Flashcards
A

Muscle Twitch

24
Q

All muscle fibers are innervated by single motor nerve fiber

25
Components of Motor Unit
Alpha motor neuron - Final common pathway, lower motor neuron Axon Muscle Fibers it supplies
26
What kind of motor unit is used in movements that require rapid and exact control
One motor nerve fiber innervate few muscles
27
Multiple Fiber Summation : | Frequency Summation :
Multiple Fiber Summation : Spatial Summation | Frequency Summation : Temporal Summation
28
Considerations for Spatial Summation
Size Principle Smaller motor units are recruited first since they are exciteable than large ones Graded muscle force Driven Asynchronously
29
Higher the stimulus, Higher the tension
True
30
Any increase in stimulus, it doesn't increase anymore
Maximum contraction
31
Each contraction occurs after complete relaxation Due to Ca accumulation, INC in temp, pH change WARM UP EXERCISE
STAIRCASE (TREPPE) EFFECT
32
Complete relaxation not given, Subsequent stimuli done Results in progressive increase in total contraction strenght
Wave Summation
33
All Ca2+ from SR are used up
Saturation
34
Incomplete - doesn't complete or meet the relaxation
Incomplete Tetany
35
Fibers that tetanizes at lower stimulus frequency
Slow-Twitch Fibers
36
Fibers that has larger maximal force during tetany
FAST Twitch Fibers because of bigger diameter
37
Tension and Initial Length
Passive tension - stretching of muscle to diff lengths Active tension - muscle is stimulate to contract at diff lengths Total Tension = Active Tension + Passive Tension
38
Reflects work done at each load Max rate of work done at submaximal load When force of contraction is 30% of Max tetatnic tension
Power-Stress Curve
39
Isometric Vs Isotonic
ISOMETRIC ISOTONIC Length is constant Load is constant No muscle shortening With muscle shortening - CONCENTRIC > pulling a weight up With muscle lengthening - ECCENTRIC > lowering a weight down Holding Ipad in midair TENSION IS MEASURED LENGTH IS MEASURED
40
Remaining contractile activity of muscle at rest | Maintain posture
Muscle Tone
41
Protective mechanism to prevent muscle injury | Directly proportional to rate of depletion of muscle glycogen and creatine phosphate
Muscle Fatigue
42
CLINICAL CONDITIONS
Muscle Denervation - Muscle Fasciculation, Fibrillation Polio - nerve fibers sprout new axons, stronger muscles less control Rigor Mortis - Start 3-6 hours, end after 15-25 hours Myasthenia Gravis - Anti ACh receptor antibodies
43
CARDIAC MUSCLE CONTRACTION
Exhibit atrial and ventricular Syncitium | Use Extra and Intra cellular Calcium
44
Phases in Cardiac Muscle Action Potential
Phase 0 - Rapid Depolarization Phase 1 - Rapid Repolarization minute K efflux Phase 2 - Plateau influx of Ca2+ Phase 3 - Final Repolarization complete efflux of K Phase 4 - Resting efflux is slightly more than influx
45
Conductive System
SA node > Atrium > AV node > Bundle of His > Purkinje Fibers
46
Cardiac Muscle Contraction
More developed T-tubule, Less developed SR compared to skeletal muscles Ca2+ regulation
47
CARDIAC VS SKELETAL
CARDIAC SKELETAL Electrochemical coupling Electromechanical coupling Ca 2+ induced interaction bet DHPR and RYR T-tubules in Z lines T-tubules at ends of I bands No tetany Recruitment, undergo tetany Long refractory period secondary to voltage -gated L-type Calcium channels
48
SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION
No Troponin Components: MLCK -Myosin Light Chain Kinase "activation" Calmodulin, Caldesmon, Calponin
49
Components if Smooth Muscle
Dense Bodies - similar to z discs SR - Rudimentary >> Smooth ms rely on extracellular Ca Caveoli - contains voltage gated L type Ca Channel and 3Na1Ca antiporter Intermediate Filaments: Desmin and Vimentin - Connect dense bodies to cytoskeletal network
50
Many Ca -voltage channels, and few Na-gated channels
InsP3-gated Ca channel - open slowly remain open | Hormones cAMP & cGMP mechanism - relaxation vascular smooth muscles | NO, Adenosine, drugs, hormones Ca++ sparks - spontaneous elevation in intracellular calcium levels
51
Slow acting calcium pumps that excrete Ca in smooth muscles
Ca++ ATPase | 3Na1Ca antiporter
52
External Characteristics | SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH
SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH 10-100um 10um 2-5um Up to
53
Structural Characteristics | SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH
SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH Myofibril REGULAR IRREGULAR Mitochondria Few Many Less Syncytium Functional Sarcomere ABSENT Actin Z-line Dense bodies Ca binding CHON Troponin Calmodulin
54
Functional Characteristics | SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH
SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH Stimulus Graded All-or-none Change in tone Excitability Nerve Supply Self Self/induced Electrical Absent Intercalated disc Gap junction coupling Extracellular NO YES Ca
55
BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS | SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH
SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH Pacemaker None PRESENT Energy cost Max High Low Plasticity ABSENT Present Tetanus NO Force-Velocity Directly related relationship Refractory SHORT Period
56
Function and Types of Muscles
``` Function: Movement, Energy Storage Types: Skeletal - Voluntary Cardiac - Involuntary Smooth - Involuntary ```

PHYSIOLOGY (13 decks)

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