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PHYSIOLOGY > ME03 - Motor System 2 - Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

ME03 - Motor System 2 - Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Also called the little brain
Helps control the rate, range, force, and direction
of movements (SYNERGY)
o sequences motor activities
o monitors and makes corrective adjustments in motor activities while they are being executed silent area of the brain

A

Cerebellum

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2
Q

Electrical excitation does not cause any sensation. True or False?

A

TRUE

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3
Q

Damage does not produce paralysis. True or False?

A

TRUE

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4
Q

Where is Cerebellum located?

A

Located dorsal to the pons and medulla and protrudes from under the occipital lobes

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5
Q

3 Lobes of Cerebellum

A

ANTERIOR, POSTERIOR, FLOCCULONODULAR

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6
Q

Crosswise folds in the Cerebellar Cortex

A

Folia

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7
Q

Lie deep beneath the folded mass of cerebellar cortex

A

Deep Cerebellar Nuclei

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8
Q

Nuclei of Cerebellum from Medial to Lateral

A

DENTATE, EMBOLIFORM, GLOBOSE, FASTIGIAL

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9
Q

What are the Brainstem Attachments of Cerebellum

A

superior cerebellar peduncles to MIDBRAIN
middle cerebellar peduncles to PONS
inferior cerebellar peduncles to MEDULLA OBLONGATA

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10
Q

Contains a somatotopic map of the body surface

A

VERMIS and INTERMEDIATE ZONE
o Axial portions of the body lie in the vermis

o Limbs and facial regions lie in the intermediate zones

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11
Q

Lateral portions of cerebellar hemispheres do not have topographical representations. True or False?

A

TRUE

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12
Q

Function of the lateral portion of cerebellar hemisphere

A

o Receive input signals exclusively from cerebral cortex
o Plays important roles in planning and coordinating the body’s rapid sequential muscular activities

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13
Q

3 Layers of Cerebellar Cortex

A

Granular Layer | Purkinje Cell Layer | Molecular Layer

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14
Q

Innermost layer that contains granule cells, Golgi type II cells and glomeruli

A

Granular Layer

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15
Q

Middle layer that contains inhibitory Purkinje cells

A

Purkinje Cell Layer

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16
Q

Outermost layer that contains stellate and basket cells, dendrites of Purkinje and Golgi type II cells and parallel fibers (axons of granule cells)

A

Molecular Layer

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17
Q

2 Types of Fibers that are known as Excitatory Cerebellar Inputs

A

Climbing Fibers | Mossy Fibers

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18
Q

o Originate in the INFERIOR OLIVE
o Demonstrate complex spikes
_ Action potentials beginning with a strong spike and followed by a trail of weakening secondary spikes
o Function in conditioning Purkinje cells (motor learning)

A

CLIMBING FIBERS

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19
Q

o Form the bulk of the input, originating in the cortico-, vestibulo-, reticulo- and spinocerebellar tracts_o demonstrate SIMPLE SPIKES
Much weaker short-duration action potentials in Purkinje cells

A

MOSSY FIBERS

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20
Q

What are the Different Afferent Pathways to the Cerebellum

A

Pontocerebellar System | Olivocerebellar Projections | Spinocerebellar Fibers | Reticulocerebellar Fibers | Vestibular Fibers

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21
Q

o Largest afferent projections
o Originate from the basilar pontine nuclei

A

PONTOCEREBELLAR SYSTEM

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22
Q

Originate from the inferior olivary nuclei

A

OLIVOCEREBELLAR PROJECTIONS

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23
Q

Originate in spinal cord or medulla

A

SPINOCEREBELLAR FIBERS

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24
Q

Originate from brainstem

A

RETICULOCEREBELLAR FIBERS

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25
Q

Originate from vestibular nuclei and vestibular apparatus

A

VESTIBULAR FIBERS

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26
Q

What are the Cells seen in Cerebellum

A

Purkinje cells | Granule cells | Golgi Type II Cells | Stellate Cells | Basket Cells | Glomerulus

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27
Q

o central neurons with fan-shaped dendritic trees
o always inhibitory with GABA as its neurotransmitter

A

Purkinje cells

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28
Q

o smallest and most numerous neurons in the brain
o parallel fibers are axons of granule cells
o excitatory input from mossy fibers which use glutamate as its neurotransmitter

A

Granule cells

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29
Q

o small interneurons with numerous arborizations
o inhibitory in function

A

Golgi Type II Celks

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30
Q

o inhibitory star-shaped cells found in superficial cerebellum

A

Stellate Cell

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31
Q

o inhibitory cells whose axons form baskets around Purkinje fibers and are found in deep cerebellar layers

A

Basket Cells

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32
Q

o complex of synapses having a mossy
fiber at its core
o synapsing with axons of Golgi type II neurons and dendrites of granule cells

A

Glomerulus

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33
Q

Modulates Purkinje cell output

A

Cerebellar Interneurons

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34
Q

All of the cerebellar interneurons are inhibitory EXCEPT _______________

A

Granule Cells

35
Q

Have excitatory input to basket cells, stellate cells, Golgi II
cells, and Purkinje cells

A

Granule Cells

36
Q

Inhibits Purkinje cells (via parallel fibers)

A

Basket cells and Stellate cells

37
Q

Inhibit granule cells, thereby reducing their excitatory effect on Purkinje cells

A

Golgi II cells

38
Q

Only output of the cerebellar cortex

A

Purkinje Cells

39
Q

Output is always inhibitory, using _______________ as NT

A

GABA

40
Q

Inhibitory output modulates the output of the cerebellum and regulates rate, range, and direction of movement (synergy). True or False

A

TRUE

41
Q

Projects to fastigial nucleus, vestibular nucleus and reticular formation

A

Vermis

42
Q

Project to globose and emboliform nuclei (interposed nuclei)

A

Intermediate Zone

43
Q

Project to the dentate nucleus, ventral anterior thalamic nuclei and cerebral cortex

A

Lateral Hemispheres

44
Q

Follow the Cerebellar Pathway

A

Cortex&raquo_space; Pons*&raquo_space; Cerebellum&raquo_space; Dentate nucleus*&raquo_space; Red Nucleus&raquo_space; Thalamus&raquo_space; Corticospinal tract

45
Q

o consists of the small flocculonodular lobes
o for control of balance and eye movement

A

Vestibulocerebellum

46
Q

Consists of lateral zones of cerebellar hemispheres
For planning and initiation of movement

A

Cerebrocerebellum

47
Q

o consists of vermis and intermediate zones
o for control of rate, force, range, and direction of movement (synergy)

A

Spinocerebellum

48
Q

o During nearly every movement, certain muscles must be rapidly turned on and
then quick turned off

A

TURN ON/TURN OFF FUNCTION

49
Q

TURN ON/TURN OFF FUNCTION is made possible by

A

Made possible by interplay of mossy and climbing fibers and Purkinje cells

50
Q

What fibers are involved in Motor Learning?

A

CLIMBING FIBERS. Climbing fibers modify sensitivity to parallel fiber input
o when mismatch between anticipated result of movement and its actual result occurs, climbing fiber input is more vigorous
o as movement is practiced, mismatch declines gradually

51
Q

o During any movement, momentum develops and must be overcome to stop the movement
o Appropriate learned, subconscious signals from spinocerebellum stop the movement precisely at the intended point

A

Damping Function

52
Q

Patient with cerebellar lesion assumes unsteady stance and reeling gait (like a drunk person)

A

Ataxia

53
Q

How does a Patient with Ataxia compensate?

A

To compensate, he assumes a broad-based stance and a broad-based gait

54
Q

Failure to meter the contractions that set the distance of motion

A

Dysmetria

55
Q

Inability to perform rapid alternating movements

A

Dysdiadochokinesia

56
Q

Failure of a movement to be terminated at a proper time

A

Past Pointing

57
Q

Difficulty in maintaining position against sudden unexpected displacement

A

Overshooting

58
Q

Slowness and slurring of speech

A

Dysarthria

59
Q

Volume of voice varies from low to high from peak to peak

A

Scanning Speech

60
Q

Tremor of intentionally maintained head or trunk posture or of a limb suspended in front of the body

A

POSTURAL, POSITIONAL or STATIC TREMOR

61
Q

Unsteady oscillations of the head or trunk

A

TIUTIBATION

62
Q

o Tremor as a limb approaches its target
o Results from cerebellar overshooting and failure of the cerebellar system to “damp” the motor movements

A

INTENTION, END-POINT or KINETIC TREMOR

63
Q

Jerkiness of eye movement
o rapid, tremulous movements of the eyes rather than steady fixation

A

Nystagmus

64
Q

What is affected in Nystagmus?

A

Nystagmus is due to failure of damping by the cerebellum
Occurs especially when the flocculonodular lobes of the cerebellum are damaged

65
Q

Decreased tone of the peripheral body musculature on the side of the cerebellar lesion

A

Hypotonia

66
Q

What is affected in Hypotonia?

A

Results from loss of cerebellar facilitation of the motor cortex and brain stem motor nuclei

67
Q

Extremity tested swings to and fro several times like a pendulum after eliciting the reflex seen in HYPOTONIA

A

Pendulous reflexes

68
Q

What are the Different Cerebellar Syndromes

A

ANTERIOR (ROSTRAL) VERMIS SYNDROME_- involves the anterior cerebellar lobe ; o ataxia of the lower limbs only

POSTERIOR (CAUDAL) VERMIS SYNDROME - involves the flocculonodular and posterior lobes ; o axial ataxia without extremity ataxia

CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE SYNDROME - cerebellar signs lateralized to one half of the body

PANCEREBELLAR SYNDROME_- bilateral cerebellar signs due to involvement of all cerebellar lobes

69
Q

Deep cerebral nuclei involved in motor control
modulates thalamic outflow to the motor cortex to plan and execute smooth movements
demonstrates programming functions
o generate basic patterns of movement in response to cues from cortical association areas

A

Basal Ganglia

70
Q

Components of Basal Ganglia

A

Globus Pallidus | Putamen | Caudate Nucleus | Subthalamic Nucleus of Substantia Nigra

Globus Pallidus x Putamen = Lentiform Nucleus
Putamen x Caudate Nucleus = Striatum

Lentiform Nucleus + Striatum = Corpus Striatum

CORPUS STRIATUM + SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS OF SUBSTANTIA NIGRA = BASAL GANGLIA

71
Q

NT used in connections between striatum and substantia nigra

A

Dopamine

72
Q

Dopamine in relation to Basal Ganglia Pathways

A

o inhibitory on the indirect pathway (D2 receptors)
o excitatory on the direct pathway (D1 receptors)
o overall action is excitatory

73
Q

Responsible for the COGNITIVE CONTROL OF MOTOR ACTIVITY o most of our motor actions occur as a consequence of thoughts generated in the mind

A

CAUDATE NUCLEUS

74
Q

Controls the speed and size of movement

A

Basal Ganglia

75
Q

Locus for Spatial Coordination

A

Posterior Parietal Cortex

76
Q

TIMING AND SCALING FUNCTIONS are lost with lesions in the?

A

Basal Ganglia, specifically CAUDATE NUCLEUS

77
Q

snake-like or writhing movements of the hand and arm or face
result from lesions of the GLOBUS PALLIDUS

A

Athetosis

78
Q

flailing movements of the extremities
result from lesions to the SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS OF LUS

A

Hemiballismus

79
Q

brief, irregular, non-purposeful movements that are vaguely comparable to dancing
result from lesions to the CORPUS STRIATUM (specially on caudate nucleus)

A

Chorea

80
Q

Results from widespread destruction of the dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra

A

Parkinson’s Disease

81
Q

Manifestations of Parkinson’s Disease

A

o cogwheel rigidity
o resting pill-rolling tremor
o slowness or difficulty in initiating
movement (bradykinesia, akinesia) o postural instability (shuffling or
FESTINATING gait)

82
Q

Autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by CAG trinucleotide repeats
o displays ANTICIPATION with succeeding generations

A

Huntington’s Disease

83
Q

Characteristics of Huntington’s Disease

A

Characterized by flicking movements in individual muscles (chorea)
o leads to progressive severe distortional movements

84
Q

Huntington’s Disease is caused by the depletion of what neurotransmitters?

A

Depletion of GABA and acetylcholine from many areas of the brain

PHYSIOLOGY (13 decks)

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