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Med Surg Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Macular degeneration

A

Often called age related macular degeneration ( AMD)
Is the central loss of vision that affects the macula of the eye.
It has no cure
It is the #1 cause of vision loss in ppl over 60
Yellow spots will appear in the field of vision

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2
Q

Two types of macular degeneration are…..

A

Dry macular - which is the most common
It is caused by a gradual blockage in the retinal capillary arteries, which results in the macula becoming ischemic and necrotic due to lack of retinal cells.
Wet macular - which is less common
It is caused by new growth of blood vessels that have thin walls and allow blood flow and fluid to leak from them

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3
Q

What are risk factors for dry macular degeneration

A

Smokers, family history, HTN, female, short body stature, diet lacking carotene and Vitamin A

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4
Q

What age can wet macular degeneration occur

A

It can occur at any age

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5
Q

reg u-100 is used for what

A

It is used as an insulin drip, do not use u-500 it would be too much

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6
Q

If a person has sugar in the urine, how will their urine appear

A

It will appear diluted

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7
Q

What are macro vascular complications

A

Stroke

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8
Q

How much sodium should a person consume

A

Less than 2gm a day

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9
Q

What is nitroglycerin used for

A

Angina

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10
Q

What is used to determine left ventricular hypertropthy

A

Echo

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11
Q

If a person of suffering from PVD, how should they position their limbs

A

Elevate extremities

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12
Q

What is PAD caused by

A

Atherosclerosis

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13
Q

What are signs and symptoms of PAD

A

Intermittent claudication

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14
Q

For PAD how should the limbs be positioned

A

Keep limbs dependent
Avoid crossing legs
Smoking promotes vascular constriction

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15
Q

What are MEDS for PAD and PVD

A

Anti platelets ( aspirin, plavix, clopidogrel,heparin, lovenox)

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16
Q

Someone who suffers from Varicose veins is at high risk for what

A

PVD

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17
Q

WHAT IS COPD

A

Combination of bronchitis, and emphysema

Is results in inadequate ventilation problems and alveoli are hyperextended

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18
Q

A person suffering from COPD is at higher risk for developing what gas exchange problem

A

Respiratory acidosis because of expiratory problems

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19
Q

What lab might indicate COPD

A

Increased HCT levels due to lack of oxygen as a compensatory measure
Sputum cultures in the am
ABGs

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20
Q

For a person suffering from COPD exasperation what would the nurse expect to be administered

A

IV fluids
Albuterol
Bronchodilators/Symbicort

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21
Q

What is the max amt of oxygen supplementation that can be given to a COPD client

A

No more than 3L should be administered they have adjusted to the decreased oxygen level

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22
Q

What is a drug that can help treat COPD

A

Corticocosteroids

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23
Q

What are Meds used to treat pneumonia

A 
Antibiotics
Hydration
Probiotics
Mucinex
Expectorants
Obtain a sputum culture
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24
Q

What is peptic ulcer disease

A

It is erosion of the mucous membranes
Peptic ulcers are more likely to occur in the duodenum
They are caused by the bacteria H-pylori

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25
What are signs and symptoms of PUD
Dull gnawing pain Heartburn Constipation Diarrhea
26
What are meds used to treat PUD
``` Flagyl Amoxicillin PPIs Bis though salts ( Pepto bismol) Eat less acidic foods and avoid aspirin ```
27
What are complications of PUD
Hemmorhage Severe abdominal pain Radiating pain that may go to shoulder, peritonitis can develop within a few hours with perforation, the abdomen will appear board like
28
What is systemic lupus
It is an autoimmune disease more prone in woman It affects all body organs. The butterfly rash across the bridge of the nose is the ,out common feature. Anorexia, malaise, and wt. loss can occur.
29
What are risk factors for systemic lupus
Oral contraceptives | Hormone replacement therapy after menopause
30
For drug induced SLE, what med should be administered
Procainamide
31
What classes of drugs can increase diverticulosis
Steroids Opiods NSAIDS
32
What are a few treatments of diverticulosis
Consume broccoli, beans, eat foods high in fiber, Metamucil
33
What labs indicate diverticulosis
Elevated ESR
34
For acute diverticulosis what should NOT be administered
DO NOT ADMINISTER A BARIUM ENEMA
35
What labs indicate perforation
Elevated ESR
36
for Crohn's where would the person report pain
RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT
37
For ulcerative colitis, where would the pt report pain
They would report pain in the left lower quadrant
38
For a person diagnosed with Crohns, how will the bowel appear
It will look fatty ( steatorrhea)
39
Are smokers at greater risk of developing ulcerative colitis
Non smokes typically develop ulcerative colitis, while smokers tend to develop Crohn's
40
What are signs and symptoms of ulcerative colitis
Mucus, pus rectal bleeding, rebound tenderness
41
What labs indicate IBD ( crohns, ulcerative colitis)
H&H will be decreased ESR will be increased WBC will be increased CRP will be increased
42
What are meds to treat IBD
``` Sulfonamides Corticocosteroids Antidiarrheals Immunomodulators Anticholinergics ```
43
What are surgical procedure to treat ulcerative colitis
Colectomy- illeostomy
44
What are surgical procedure to treat Crohn's disease
Structuroplasty | Repair of fistulas
45
What is BPH
Enlargement of prostate gland- constricts urethra causing decreased output of urine It may occur if a person drinks alcohol, smokes, has elevated levels of testerone, and estrogen. I typically occurs in men after age 40
46
What are findings of BPH
Blood in urine Enlargement of prostate can be indicative of prostate cancer Check PSA levels
47
What are tests for BPH
TURP | 3 way catheter (COUDE)
48
What is MS
Development of plaque No known cure No known cause Remission of relapses
49
What are signs and symptoms of MS
Weakness, vision changes, urinary retention,
50
What are meds for MS
Immunosuppressants Corticocosteroids Immunomodulators ( decrease the body's response to infection)
51
What ais e signs and symptoms of RA
Joint stiffness | Inability to move
52
What are complications of RA
RA nodules
53
What are meds used to treat RA
NSAIDS | Immunosuppressants
54
What meds can cause hearing loss
Aminoglycosides ( gentamicin) | Tylenol can cause hearing loss
55
What are cataracts
It is an opacity in the lens of an eye causing visual impairment. The vision is cloudy
56
What are the 3 types of cataracts
Subcapsular- begins at the back of the lens Nuclear- forms in the center nucleus of eye Cortical- forms in the lens cortex and extends from outside of the lens to the center
57
Can cataracts be fixed
By surgical intervention, it can be fixed
58
What med can be used to treat glaucoma
Timolol
59
Glaucoma results from what
Increased intraocular pressure resulting in vision impairments
60
Osteoporosis results from what deficiencies
Lack of calcium and vitamin D It usually occurs at the onset of menopause It eventually results in total bone loss
61
What meds can be used for osteoporosis
Take bi phosphates Actonel Boniva ( monthly)
62
Does Parkinson's generally affect more males or females
It affects more males
63
What 2 meds are given concurrently to treat Parkinson's
Levodopa and carbidopa
64
What is true of Parkinson's disease
Resistive movements, shuffling gait, jerking of foot GI-slows down resulting in constipation Dysphagia- prevent aspiration by providing thickened liquids, purée food. Dysarthria- difficulty speaking/ strength training facial muscles
65
DJD
Degenerative joint disease- destruction of cartilage ( continous) after cartilage destruction, it moves onto bone.
66
Can a person undo damage to there joints
You really can't undo damage to your joints. Supplements ca help, there more like a placebo effect because the joints are already destroyed. NSAIDS can relieve pain but there is no cure. Only pain management
67
What are diagnostics for OA
Bone scans, check for bone spurts
68
What population is OA typically seen in
Athletes
69
What is osteoporosis
Affects more woman than men especially postmenopausal There are 2 major groups 1. Primary- hormonal changes 2. Secondary- 2nd to other diseases
70
What decreases in addition to estrogen and testosterone
So does bone metabolism
71
What are signs and symptoms of osteoporosis
Bone pain Weakness Fractures
72
What is treatment of osteoporosis
Glucocorticoids- meds can prevent osteoclasts from absorbing the bone ( Fosamax) is given once per week. Consume Foods high in calcium
73
What is a external fixator
A external metal frame attached to bone fragments to stabilize them.
74
What is emphysema
It is characterized by the loss of lung elasticity and hyperinflation of lung tissue
75
Who is not eligible for a bone densiometry test
Preg woman Metal plates Claustrophobia

Med Surg (19 decks)

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