mediastinum and heart unit 2

Question 1

what is the mediastinum

Answer 1

space between pleural sacs

Question 2

mediastinum is broken into 2, which is?

Answer 2

inferior and superior mediastinum

Question 3

what separates the inferior and superior mediastinum

Answer 3

sternal angle

Question 4

inferior mediastinum is split into three, which is

Answer 4

anterior mediastinum
posterior mediastinum
middle mediastinum

Question 5

what’s in the superior mediastinum region

Answer 5

trachea
thymus gland
brachiocephalic veins
vagus nerves
phrenic nerves
brachiocephalic trunk
aortic arch
superior vena cava
left common carotid
subclavian arteries
recurrent laryngeal nerves
cardiac nerves
sympathetic trunk

Question 6

what is response for training the T cells

Answer 6

thymus gland

Question 7

what becomes the vagus trunk after it reaches the heart

Answer 7

vagus nerve

Question 8

brachiocephalic trunk (artery) breaks into?

Answer 8

right subclavian artery
right common carotid artery

Question 9

left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery come off from?

Answer 9

aortic arch

Question 10

what’s in the inferior mediastinum - anterior division

Answer 10

internal thoracic artery and vein
thymus gland (also in superior mediastinum)

Question 11

inferior mediastinum - posterior division

Answer 11

esophagus
thoracic aorta and branches
azygos vein
hemiazygos/Accessory hemiazygos veins
thoracic duct
vagus nerve
sympathetic trunk

Question 12

what’s your largest lymphathetic vessel

Answer 12

thoracic duct

Question 13

branches of the thoracic aorta supply ?

Answer 13

structures of the thorax

Question 14

what drains to the venous angle, between the left subclavian and left internal jugular vein

Answer 14

thoracic duct

Question 15

mind map the path of thoracic duct

Answer 15

right and left lumbar trunks –> thoracic duct at T12 –> aortic opening of diaphragm –> ascends posterior to aortic arch and bases anterior to anterior scalene –> subclavian vein

Question 16

larynx

Answer 16

C3-C6

Question 17

Trachea

Answer 17

T4-T5

Question 18

Tracheal bifurcation

Answer 18

T4/5 (posterior) and manubriosternal junction (anterior)

Question 19

esophagus has 3 parts

Answer 19

cervical (C6-T1)
thoracic (T1-esophageal opening)
abdominal (diaphragm to cardiac orifice)

Question 20

sacs that develop in the weak spots of the mucosal lining

Answer 20

diverticula
parabronchial diverticulum
epiphanic diverticulum

Question 21

innervation of esophagus

Answer 21

sympathetic trunk and vagus nerve to esophageal plexus

Question 22

parasympathetic innervation

Answer 22

vagus nerve

Question 23

sympathetic innervation

Answer 23

sympathetic nerve

Question 24

Pericardium and what is it made up of?

Answer 24

a serous membrane of the heart
made up of: visceral and parietal layer

Question 25

visceral layer is attached to the

Answer 25

heart

Question 26

what layer of the pericardium is attached to the fibrous pericardium

Answer 26

parietal layer

Question 27

what fluid is between the pericardium layers

Answer 27

serous fluid

Question 28

fibrous pericardium

Answer 28

- not serous - purpose is to anchor the heart - anchors inferiorly to the diaphragm - anchors anteriorly to the sternum

Question 29

transverse pericardial sinus

Answer 29

passage within the pericardial cavity - runs between great vessels - forms during development - important landmark for cardiac surgery

Question 30

oblique pericardial sinus

Answer 30

posterior aspect - runs between pulmonary veins, IVC, and esophagus

Question 31

innervation of the heart

Answer 31

parasympathetic (vagus nerve) and sympathetic (sympathetic trunk)

Question 32

conus arteriosus

Answer 32

remnant of prenatal heart tube

Question 33

chord tendineae

Answer 33

anchors the valve

Question 34

name two septal defect

Answer 34

atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect

Question 35

atrial septal defect

Answer 35

incomplete closure of the oval foramen (hole in the heart) - only clinically significant if causes enlargement of the right atrium and ventricle, due to left to right shunt of blood

Question 36

ventricular septal defect

Answer 36

25% of all forms of congenital heart disease - left to right shunt of blood through ventricle, increase pulmonary blood flow causing pulmonary hypertension

Question 37

when blood is going from left ventricle to the aorta, what valve is it passing through

Answer 37

aortic semilunar valve

Question 38

angiogram

Answer 38

imaging of blood flow, within blood vessels