Memory

Question 1

anterograde amnesia

Answer 1

the inability to make new memories

Question 2

cryptomnesia

Answer 2

inadvertent plagiarism, caused by a memory bias whereby a person falsely recalls generating a thought, an idea, a song, or a joke, when the though was actually generated by someone else

Question 3

declarative memory

Answer 3

the ability to store and retrieve both personal information (episodic memory) and general knowledge ( semantic memory)

Question 4

deja vu

Answer 4

occurs when we feel that a new situation is familiar, even if there is evidence that the situation could not have occurred previously

Question 5

deep processing

Answer 5

encoding semantically based on the meaning of the word

Question 6

echoic memory

Answer 6

short-term memory of auditory stimuli

Question 7

eidetic memories

Answer 7

the ability to recall an image from memory with high precision—at least for a brief period of time—after seeing it only once and without using a mnemonic device.

Question 8

encoding

Answer 8

giving something meaning for storage and deciding what we want to remember

Question 9

episodic memory

Answer 9

long-term memory of specific events that you have experienced
(flashbulb memories- linked to emotion/ personal experiences)

Question 10

explicit memory

Answer 10

the conscious recollection of a previous episode, as in recall or recognition

Question 11

forgetting curve

Answer 11

shows how learned information slips out of our memories over time – unless we take action to keep it there

Question 12

iconic memory

Answer 12

short-term memory of visual stimuli

Question 13

implicit memory

Answer 13

does not require the conscious or explicit recollection of past events or information, and the individual is unaware that remembering has occurred(procedural, priming, and conditioned memory)

Question 14

Method of Loci

Answer 14

envisioning a location or physical space that you are familiar with in order to recall and arrange memory content

Question 15

misinformation effect

Answer 15

memory distortion as the results of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion

Question 16

mnemonic devices

Answer 16

any specialized memory technique

Question 17

peg-word

Answer 17

a strategy used to remember lists whereby each item is associated with in imagination with a number- word pair

Question 18

priming

Answer 18

occurs when an individual’s exposure to a certain stimulus influences his or her response to a subsequent stimulus, without any awareness of the connection

Question 19

proactive interference

Answer 19

occurs when prior learning disrupts recall of new information

Question 20

recall

Answer 20

the act of retrieving information or events from the past while lacking a specific cue to help in retrieving the information

Question 21

recognition

Answer 21

a form of remembering characterized by a feeling of familiarity when something previously experienced is again encountered

Question 22

rehearsal

Answer 22

process to get a piece of information into memory through maintenance(continue to repeat) or elaboration(linking new info to familiar concepts)

Question 23

retroactive interference

Answer 23

occurs when new learning disrupts recall of old information

Question 24

retrograde amnesia

Answer 24

the inability to remember things from the past

Question 25

semantic memory

Answer 25

long-term memory of objective knowledge learned over many interactions

Question 26

sensory memory

Answer 26

the perception of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch information entering through the sensory cortices of the brain in an extremely short amount of time and is, most of the time, not consciously aware

Question 27

shallow processing

Answer 27

encoding on structure or appearance of a word

Question 28

source amnesia

Answer 28

impaired memory for how, when, or where information was learned

Question 29

state-dependent memory

Answer 29

learning that takes place in one situation or “state” is generally better remembered later if the situation or “state” is similar

Question 30

transience

Answer 30

long-term memories gradually fade in strength over time (decay)

Question 31

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

Answer 31

created the working memory model (encode incoming information/ access and retrieve information from long-term memory) and the Three-Stage Model of Memory(1. sensory memory, 2. working/short-term memory, 3. long-term memory)

Question 32

Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart

Answer 32

described the levels of processing (shallow-encoding on the structure or appearance of a word vs deep-encoding semantically based on the meaning of the word)

Question 33

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 33

discovery of the forgetting curve(shows how learned information slips out of our memories over time – unless we take action to keep it there) and the spacing effect(the finding that long-term memory is enhanced when learning events are spaced apart in time, rather than massed in immediate succession)

Question 34

patient H.M.

Answer 34

experienced massive seizures so doctors removed hippocampus and amygdala and as a result they lost the ability to form new memories, but had no problem retrieving old memories

Question 35

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 35

trying to convince people that they met Bugs Bunny at Disneyland even though that is impossible/ constructed memory- a memory containing false details or an event that never happened/ car accident experiment- estimating speed when different verbs were used to describe the crash(misinformation effect-memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion)

Question 36

George Miller

Answer 36

suggested that the capacity of short-term memory can hold 7 +/-2 items at a time

Question 37

Persistence

Answer 37

memory problem in which unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind

Question 38

Bias

Answer 38

influence of personal beliefs attitudes, and experiences on memory(consistency bias)/ tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit one’s expectations(expectancy bias)

Question 39

Suggestibility

Answer 39

memory distortion as the results of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion

Question 40

Misattribution

Answer 40

a memory fault that occurs when memories are retrieved but are associated with wrong, time, place, or person

Question 41

Blocking

Answer 41

forgetting that occurs when an item in memory cannot be accessed or retrieved

Question 42

Absent-mindedness

Answer 42

forgetting by lapses in attention (psuedoforgetting)

Question 43

rosy retrospection

Answer 43

remembering and/or exaggerating the positives from past events and minimizing negatives

Question 44

mood-congruent memory

Answer 44

humans have the tendency to recall memories that are consistent with their current mood, thus associating moods when encoding memories

Question 45

a constructed memory

Answer 45

a memory containing false details or an event that never happened

Question 46

Relearning

Answer 46

relearning information that has been previously learned

Question 47

Retention

Answer 47

the ability to remember information over a period of time

Question 48

Recency effect

Answer 48

enhanced memory for items, ideas, or arguments that came last and are therefore remembered more clearly than those that came first or in the middle

Question 49

Primacy effect

Answer 49

enhanced memory for items presented at the beginning of a list relative to items presented in the middle of the list

Question 50

Serial position effect

Answer 50

accounts for our tendency to recall best last items and first items in a list

Question 51

How retrieval cues aid in memory

Answer 51

when you encode into memory a target piece of information it is associated with other bits of information and the more connections, the better chance of finding a route to the suspended memory(surrounding, mood, smell, tastes, sights)

Question 52

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 52

a state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning

Question 53

repression

Answer 53

purposeful blocking of information

Question 54

hippocampus

Answer 54

Explicit memories are stored in

Question 55

cerebellum, amygdala, and basal ganglia

Answer 55

Implicit memories are stored in

Question 56

flash-bulb memory

Answer 56

personal memories that are linked to emotions

Question 57

Long-term potentiation

Answer 57

strengthening of neural excitability along specific neural pathways related to memory

Question 58

Consolidation

Answer 58

process by which short-term memories are stored in long-term memory

Question 59

Engram

Answer 59

physical change to the brain resulting from memory

Question 60

schema

Answer 60

mental construct that allows us to relate new information to previous knowledge(clusters of related concepts/objects)

Question 61

the capacity of your long-term memory

Answer 61

Unlimited

Question 62

Acronym

Answer 62

an invented combination of letters. Each letter is a cue to an item you need to remember

Question 63

Rhyme

Answer 63

acoustic encoding, the processing of sounds and words for memory storage and later retrieval

Question 64

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 64

linking new information to familiar concepts

Question 65

Maintenance

Answer 65

continued repitition

Question 66

Clustering

Answer 66

tendency to remember similar or related items in groups

Question 67

Chunking

Answer 67

organizing information into familiar concepts

Question 68

Baddeley’s working memory model

Answer 68

stimulation- sensory memory- working memory(central executive{sketchpad-where we manipulate images/ phonological loop-holds sounds})/storage and retrieval from- long-term memory

Question 69

Tactile

Answer 69

Touch

Question 70

Olfactory

Answer 70

Smell

Question 71

Gustatory

Answer 71

Taste

Question 72

Semantic encoding

Answer 72

the processing and encoding of sensory input that has particular meaning or can be applied to a context

Question 73

Retrieval

Answer 73

involves the interaction between external sensory or internally generated cues and stored memory traces

Question 74

Parallel Processing

Answer 74

the ability to make sense of information from different parts of our brain at the same time

Question 75

Elaboration

Answer 75

making a connection between new information and old information