memory

Question 1

what is the diagram of the multistore model of memory

Answer 1

environmental stimulus —-> sensory memory store —-> attention and encoding —> STM—–> rehearsal loop and transfer—–long term memory <—-retrival

Question 2

How does the sensory memory store encode

Answer 2

iconicaly
echoicly

Question 3

how does the STM encode

Answer 3

acoustically

Question 4

what study investigates how the STM encodes

Answer 4

Conrad
similar and disimilar letter strings

Question 5

describe the study into how the stm encodes

Answer 5

Conrad
ppts shown either similar or disimilar letter strings

had to recall them in correct order

significantly greater recall in
disimilar condition

Question 6

how does LTM encode

Answer 6

semantically

Question 7

name a study that investigates how the LTM encodes

Answer 7

Baddeley -
semantically similar and disimilar lists

Question 8

what is the capacity of the sensory memory store

Answer 8

very large

Question 9

what is the capacity of the STM

Answer 9

7+- 2 items - limited

Question 10

name a study which investigated the capacity of STM

Answer 10

Miller
5-9 items

Question 11

describe the procedure into the capacity of STM

Answer 11

miller -
increasing number of digits were shown to ppts
write it down in the correct order
most people recalled up to 6

Question 12

what is the capacity of LTM

Answer 12

unlimited

Question 13

what is the duration of the sensory memory store

Answer 13

very brief

Question 14

what is the duration of the STM

Answer 14

18-28s
limited

Question 15

name a study into the duration of STM

Answer 15

peterson and peterson
trigram

Question 16

describe the procedure that investigated the duration of STM

Answer 16

peterson and peterson
ppts shown a trigram
count backwards in 3s from trigram outloud
then write the origional trigram
correctly remembered after short counting time

Question 17

what is the duration of the LTM

Answer 17

up to a lifetime

Question 18

name a procedure that investigates the duration of LTM

Answer 18

Bahrick
yearbook study

Question 19

describe the study into the duration of LTM

Answer 19

Bahrick
392 USA graduates
showed photos from yearbook asked to match a name to a face
90% were able to correctly match a name 14 years after
60% 47

Question 20

what are the three types of LTM

Answer 20

episodic, procedural, semantic

Question 21

what is episodic memory

Answer 21

our ability to recall events
time stamped

Question 22

what is semantic memory

Answer 22

knowledge of the world
not time stamped

Question 23

what is procedural memory

Answer 23

memory for skills
recall memory unconsciously

Question 24

AO3 for types of LTM

Answer 24

• HM couldnt transfer into LTM yet procedural memory was still intact

real world application - helps people with memory problems

conflicting neuroimaging evidence

Question 25

what is the sensory memory store

Answer 25

environmental stimulus is encoded depending on each sense eg echoically

Question 26

what is the STM

Answer 26

temporary store information is kept here if attended to from SMS if rehearsed transfers to LTM

Question 27

what is LTM

Answer 27

permanent store of memory info from STM is rehearsed and transferred here where it can be retrieved from in the future

Question 28

explain how HM supports the multi store model of memory

Answer 28

supports that the stores are unitary and unique had hippocampus removed, antegraded amnesia inability to transfer to LTM stm worked procedural memory worked

Question 29

explain how Murdocks study and primary and recency effect supports multi store model of memory

Answer 29

ppts asked to remember list of words words remembered at the beginning and end transferred to LTM and remained in STM

Question 30

explain how the role of the rehearsal loop is exaggerated

Answer 30

rehearsal loop is not needed in some cases- information is transferred directly to LTM - flashbulb memories sometimes info is rehearsed over again and never transferred

Question 31

who proposed the Multi store model of memory

Answer 31

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 32

how are the stores in the multi store model of memory described

Answer 32

unitary and distinct

Question 33

what are the components included in the working memory model

Answer 33

central executive phonological loop visuo spatial sketchpad episodic buffer LTM

Question 34

what makes up the phonological loop

Answer 34

phonological store - inner ear articulatory loop - inner voice

Question 35

what makes up visuo spatial sketchpad

Answer 35

inner scribe visual cache - inner eye

Question 36

what is the role of the central executive

Answer 36

controls the slave systems directs attention solves logical problems

Question 37

what is the role of the phonological loop

Answer 37

process auditory and verbal information

Question 38

what is the role of visuo spatial sketchpad

Answer 38

control mental imagery and navigation

Question 39

what is the role of the episodic buffer

Answer 39

acts as a temporal workspace that intergrates information from the LTM and other modules

Question 40

which area of the brain is the visuo spatial sketchpad linked to

Answer 40

occipical lobe

Question 41

which area of the brain is the phonological loop linked to

Answer 41

Brochas area

Question 42

which area of the brain is the central executive linked to

Answer 42

frontal cortex

Question 43

how does Cohen et al and the fmri study support the working memory model

Answer 43

gave ppts component specific tasks and certain areas in the brain lit up evidence for the existence of the modules in neuroscience

Question 44

how does the dual task experiment support the working memory model

Answer 44

supports existence of sepearates components visual and verbal tasks = fine verbal and verbal = decline solve logical problem and generate random numbers - both occupied the central executive

Question 45

how does the word length effect supports the working memory model

Answer 45

evidence for articulatory loop capacity based on time not number of words short words remembered better 1.5s

Question 46

what are the two types of forgetting

Answer 46

retrieval failure and interference

Question 47

what is retrieval failure

Answer 47

cues present at the time of encoding are not present at the time of retrieval

Question 48

what is Tulvings encoding specificity principle

Answer 48

the specific cues at encoding are needed at retrieval

Question 49

what is context dependent cues

Answer 49

external environment cues are the same

Question 50

what is state dependent cues

Answer 50

internal emotional state cues are the same

Question 51

A03 of retrieval failure

Answer 51

Godden and Baddely scuba diving study practical application of the cognitive interview

Question 52

what is interference theory

Answer 52

information in the LTM being confused with other information leading to inaccurate recall

Question 53

what is proactive interference

Answer 53

previously learnt information interferes with more recent learning

Question 54

what is retroactive interference

Answer 54

recent learning interferes with previously learnt information

Question 55

what are the two studies into interference as a theory of forgetting

Answer 55

Schmidt et al - road names Baddeley and Hitch - rugby players

Question 56

describe the procedure of Schmidt et al and into interference

Answer 56

700 ppts 211 responded, given a map of area with 48 street names replaced with numbers asked to recall as many as possible relevant details were recorded eg how many times they moved house

Question 57

findings of schmidt et al

Answer 57

more places a person had lived the worst their recall of street names

Question 58

AO3 for interference as a theory of forgetting

Answer 58

only explain forgetting when two sets of information are similar doesnt clearly identify the cognitive processes involved research support in neuroscience. Hebbian learning would predict these outcomes