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psychology A-level > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

1
Q

what is the diagram of the multistore model of memory

A

environmental stimulus —-> sensory memory store —-> attention and encoding —> STM—–> rehearsal loop and transfer—–long term memory <—-retrival

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2
Q

How does the sensory memory store encode

A

iconicaly
echoicly

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3
Q

how does the STM encode

A

acoustically

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4
Q

what study investigates how the STM encodes

A

Conrad
similar and disimilar letter strings

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5
Q

describe the study into how the stm encodes

A

Conrad
ppts shown either similar or disimilar letter strings

had to recall them in correct order

significantly greater recall in
disimilar condition

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6
Q

how does LTM encode

A

semantically

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7
Q

name a study that investigates how the LTM encodes

A

Baddeley -
semantically similar and disimilar lists

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8
Q

what is the capacity of the sensory memory store

A

very large

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9
Q

what is the capacity of the STM

A

7+- 2 items - limited

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10
Q

name a study which investigated the capacity of STM

A

Miller
5-9 items

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11
Q

describe the procedure into the capacity of STM

A

miller -
increasing number of digits were shown to ppts
write it down in the correct order
most people recalled up to 6

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12
Q

what is the capacity of LTM

A

unlimited

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13
Q

what is the duration of the sensory memory store

A

very brief

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14
Q

what is the duration of the STM

A

18-28s
limited

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15
Q

name a study into the duration of STM

A

peterson and peterson
trigram

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16
Q

describe the procedure that investigated the duration of STM

A

peterson and peterson
ppts shown a trigram
count backwards in 3s from trigram outloud
then write the origional trigram
correctly remembered after short counting time

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17
Q

what is the duration of the LTM

A

up to a lifetime

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18
Q

name a procedure that investigates the duration of LTM

A

Bahrick
yearbook study

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19
Q

describe the study into the duration of LTM

A

Bahrick
392 USA graduates
showed photos from yearbook asked to match a name to a face
90% were able to correctly match a name 14 years after
60% 47

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20
Q

what are the three types of LTM

A

episodic, procedural, semantic

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21
Q

what is episodic memory

A

our ability to recall events
time stamped

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22
Q

what is semantic memory

A

knowledge of the world
not time stamped

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23
Q

what is procedural memory

A

memory for skills
recall memory unconsciously

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24
Q

AO3 for types of LTM

A
  • HM couldnt transfer into LTM yet procedural memory was still intact

real world application - helps people with memory problems

conflicting neuroimaging evidence

25
Q

what is the sensory memory store

A

environmental stimulus is encoded depending on each sense eg echoically

26
Q

what is the STM

A

temporary store
information is kept here if attended to from SMS
if rehearsed transfers to LTM

27
Q

what is LTM

A

permanent store of memory
info from STM is rehearsed and transferred here where it can be retrieved from in the future

28
Q

explain how HM supports the multi store model of memory

A

supports that the stores are unitary and unique
had hippocampus removed, antegraded amnesia inability to transfer to LTM
stm worked
procedural memory worked

29
Q

explain how Murdocks study and primary and recency effect supports multi store model of memory

A

ppts asked to remember list of words

words remembered at the beginning and end
transferred to LTM and remained in STM

30
Q

explain how the role of the rehearsal loop is exaggerated

A

rehearsal loop is not needed in some cases- information is transferred directly to LTM - flashbulb memories

sometimes info is rehearsed over again and never transferred

31
Q

who proposed the Multi store model of memory

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin

32
Q

how are the stores in the multi store model of memory described

A

unitary and distinct

33
Q

what are the components included in the working memory model

A

central executive
phonological loop
visuo spatial sketchpad
episodic buffer
LTM

34
Q

what makes up the phonological loop

A

phonological store - inner ear
articulatory loop - inner voice

35
Q

what makes up visuo spatial sketchpad

A

inner scribe
visual cache - inner eye

36
Q

what is the role of the central executive

A

controls the slave systems
directs attention
solves logical problems

37
Q

what is the role of the phonological loop

A

process auditory and verbal information

38
Q

what is the role of visuo spatial sketchpad

A

control mental imagery and navigation

39
Q

what is the role of the episodic buffer

A

acts as a temporal workspace that intergrates information from the LTM and other modules

40
Q

which area of the brain is the visuo spatial sketchpad linked to

A

occipical lobe

41
Q

which area of the brain is the phonological loop linked to

A

Brochas area

42
Q

which area of the brain is the central executive linked to

A

frontal cortex

43
Q

how does Cohen et al and the fmri study support the working memory model

A

gave ppts component specific tasks and certain areas in the brain lit up
evidence for the existence of the modules in neuroscience

44
Q

how does the dual task experiment support the working memory model

A

supports existence of sepearates components
visual and verbal tasks = fine
verbal and verbal = decline
solve logical problem and generate random numbers - both occupied the central executive

45
Q

how does the word length effect supports the working memory model

A

evidence for articulatory loop
capacity based on time not number of words
short words remembered better
1.5s

46
Q

what are the two types of forgetting

A

retrieval failure and interference

47
Q

what is retrieval failure

A

cues present at the time of encoding are not present at the time of retrieval

48
Q

what is Tulvings encoding specificity principle

A

the specific cues at encoding are needed at retrieval

49
Q

what is context dependent cues

A

external environment cues are the same

50
Q

what is state dependent cues

A

internal emotional state cues are the same

51
Q

A03 of retrieval failure

A

Godden and Baddely scuba diving study
practical application of the cognitive interview

52
Q

what is interference theory

A

information in the LTM being confused with other information leading to inaccurate recall

53
Q

what is proactive interference

A

previously learnt information interferes with more recent learning

54
Q

what is retroactive interference

A

recent learning interferes with previously learnt information

55
Q

what are the two studies into interference as a theory of forgetting

A

Schmidt et al - road names
Baddeley and Hitch - rugby players

56
Q

describe the procedure of Schmidt et al and into interference

A

700 ppts
211 responded, given a map of area with 48 street names replaced with numbers
asked to recall as many as possible
relevant details were recorded eg how many times they moved house

57
Q

findings of schmidt et al

A

more places a person had lived the worst their recall of street names

58
Q

AO3 for interference as a theory of forgetting

A

only explain forgetting when two sets of information are similar

doesnt clearly identify the cognitive processes involved

research support in neuroscience. Hebbian learning would predict these outcomes

59
Q
A

psychology A-level (5 decks)

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