psychopathology

Question 1

what are the 4 definitions of abnormality

Answer 1

statistical infrequencey
deviation from social norms
failure to function
deviation from ideal mental health

Question 2

what is statistical infrequencey

Answer 2

finding the common value and then working out what is rare
uses normal distribution

Question 3

strength of statistical infrequency

Answer 3

gives clear cut off points

Question 4

limitations of statistical infrequency

Answer 4

suggests rare is negative
eg Einstein IQ
abnormal behaviours end up being normal
eg
16% of adults w depression post covid
10% pre

Question 5

what is deviation from social norms

Answer 5

standards of acceptable behaviour that are set out by society

Question 6

strengths of dev of social norms

Answer 6

look at things in the present day and current morals

Question 7

limitations of dev of social norms

Answer 7

culturally bound and lack temporal validity
eg gay illegal until 1967
some countries being gay is illegal
society views change
differ by context

Question 8

what is failure to function

Answer 8

not being able to cope with everyday life
both personal and observer stress

Question 9

strength of failure to cope

Answer 9

considers context eg grief

Question 10

limitations of failure to cope

Answer 10

subjective - who decides somone isnt coping

Question 11

what is deviation from ideal mental health

Answer 11

working towards what we lack

Question 12

what characteristics did Jahoda put forward and state was ideal mental health q

Answer 12

high self esteem
personal growth
independence
resistant to stress
accurate perception of reality
environmental mastery

Question 13

strengths of deviation from ideal mental health

Answer 13

positive - identifies the areas we need to improve

Question 14

limitations of deviation from ideal mental health

Answer 14

most people fail to meet criteria so abnormal becomes normal
culturally bound

Question 15

behavioural characteristics of phobias

Answer 15

panic
avoidance

Question 16

emotional characteristics of phobias

Answer 16

fear
anxiety

Question 17

cognitive characteristics of phobias

Answer 17

irrational beliefs
selective attention to phobic stimulus

Question 18

how are phobias acquired

Answer 18

classical conditioning
pairing the UCS and NS

Question 19

how are phobias maintained

Answer 19

operant conditioning
negative reinforcement
removal of the unpleasant stimulus
by avoiding the stimulus phobia is maintained

Question 20

strengths of the explanation of phobias

Answer 20

evidence of a link between phobias and a bad experience
Little Albert

HOWEVER
not all phobias are due to a bad experience
many people fesr snakes despite never coming across one
this could be due to evolution

Question 21

limitations of phobias

Answer 21

does not account for all cognitive aspects
doesnt explain phobic symptoms

Question 22

what two ways treat phobias

Answer 22

systematic desensitisation
flooding

Question 23

what is systematic desensitisation

Answer 23

behavioural therapy
counterconditioning
learning how to relax with the phobic stimulus

Question 24

how does systematic desensitisation

Answer 24

• create an anxiety hierachy from least to worst anxiety
• teaches the client relaxtion techniques
• exposure to phobic stimulus

Question 25

how does flooding work

Answer 25

immediate exposure to phobic stimulus client quickly learns the stimulus is harmless after anxiety reaction has calmed down

Question 26

strengths of flooding

Answer 26

cost effective can happen in one session

Question 27

limitations of flooding

Answer 27

can be traumatic

Question 28

behavioural charactersitics of depression

Answer 28

lack of motivation distruption to eating and sleeping

Question 29

emotional charactersitics of depression

Answer 29

low mood anger

Question 30

cognitive characteristics of depression

Answer 30

poor concentration dwelling on the negative

Question 31

what is Becks theory of the explantion of depression

Answer 31

negative thinking = depression its not the situartion its how you think about the situation

Question 32

what are negative self schemas

Answer 32

negative ideas about yourself

Question 33

what are cognitive biases

Answer 33

the way depressed people view the world

Question 34

what is overgeneralisation

Answer 34

drawing a general conclusion from a single occurence

Question 35

what is personalisation

Answer 35

negative feelings of others are attributed to something about you

Question 36

what is selective abstraction

Answer 36

focus on one aspect and ignore any positive aspect

Question 37

what is magnification

Answer 37

exxagerate the significance of the event

Question 38

what is minimisation

Answer 38

down play the positives

Question 39

what is the negative triad

Answer 39

negative schemas and cognitive biases

Question 40

what makes up the negative triad

Answer 40

negative view of self negative view of world negative view of future

Question 41

what is Ellis ABC model

Answer 41

explains how irrational thoughts lead to depression

Question 42

what is the ABC model `

Answer 42

A - activating event B - beliefs C - consequence

Question 43

what is an activating event

Answer 43

irrational thoughts are triggered by an event

Question 44

what are beliefs

Answer 44

irrational beliefs that lead to negative thinking

Question 45

what are consequences

Answer 45

activating event triggers irrational thinking leads to deppresion

Question 46

strengths of Becks theory

Answer 46

good supporting evidence 65 pregnant women high cognitive vunerabilities = post natal depression pratical application CBT

Question 47

limitations of Becks theory

Answer 47

cannot explain all aspects of depression

Question 48

limitations of Ellis theory

Answer 48

only offers partial explanation only explains reactive depression

Question 49

what is a strenght of Ellis theory

Answer 49

pratical explanations REBT

Question 50

what is the aim of CBT

Answer 50

changing the thinking will change the behaviour

Question 51

how many sessions are usually in CBT

Answer 51

6-12 focuses on the present

Question 52

what is behavioural activation in CBT

Answer 52

engaging in activites that bring us joy pleasant event sceduling

Question 53

what is homework in CBT

Answer 53

therapist sets small achievable tasks record in a diary

Question 54

what is thought catching in CBT

Answer 54

identifying and writing down negative thoughts

Question 55

what is cognitive reconstructing

Answer 55

changing the negative thinking

Question 56

what is REBT

Answer 56

type opf CBT that identifies and disputes irrational thoughts

Question 57

how does REBT work

Answer 57

extends ABC to DEF

Question 58

what is DEF

Answer 58

D- dispute irrational thoughts E - effects of disputing F - feelings

Question 59

what are the three type of disputes

Answer 59

pragmatic logical empirical

Question 60

what is pragmatic dispute

Answer 60

how does this thought help you

Question 61

what is logical dispute

Answer 61

does it make sense

Question 62

what is emperical dispute

Answer 62

where is the evidence

Question 63

strengths of CBT

Answer 63

effectivness Marth et al therapy as effective as drugs treats the cause

Question 64

what was Marth et al

Answer 64

examained 327 depressed teenagers three groups CBT drugs CBT and Drugs 81% of CBT/ drug had improvment 86% of CBT AND drug had improvment

Question 65

limitations of CBT

Answer 65

requires motivation patients with severe depression may noy be able to attend the session antidepressants to not require the same level of motivation

Question 66

limitation of CBT overemphasis of cognition

Answer 66

doesnt take into account social circumstances eg parent suffers from physical abuse