Research methods Flashcards

Question

what is matched pairs

Answer 1

different but similar participants are used in each condition and are matched on variables that are relevant to the study

Answer 2

- reduces participant variables - avoids order effects

Answer 3

-if one person drops out you lose double the data - impossible to match people exaclty

Answer 4

a large group of individuals who the researcher is interested in studying

Answer 5

a desired sub group of the population to be studied

Answer 6

group of people who take part in the study drawn from the target population

Answer 7

all participants have a equal chance of being selected

Answer 8

free from bias

Answer 9

no garuntee its representative time consuming

Answer 10

people who are available and willing to take part at the time

Answer 11

researcher bias can be not representative

Answer 12

easiest and quickest

Answer 13

people who put themselves forward for the study

Answer 14

- easy - no experimenter bias - produce more committed individuals

Answer 15

volunteer bias - only one type of person not representative

Answer 16

every Nth member of the target population is selected to take part

Answer 17

avoids researcher bias

Answer 18

time consuming no guaruntee its representative

Answer 19

researchers identify the ratio needed to represent the whole of the population

Answer 20

every group is represented

Answer 21

time consuming need a whole list of the population

Answer 22

- lab experiments - field experiments - quasi experiments - natural experiments

Answer 23

take place in a highly controlled environment

Answer 24

conducted in every day settings

Answer 25

independent variable is naturally ocurring

Answer 26

researcher doesnt control IV its a pre existing difference

Answer 27

a conflict between the participants well being rights and the researchers aims

Answer 28

British Psychological society

Answer 29

when a participant agrees to take part in an experiment with an understanding to what they are agreeing to

Answer 30

the right to leave the study whenever and any data will be removed aswell

Answer 31

the participant is mislead into the nature of the experiment, should be minimal

Answer 32

after the study participants will discuss to experiment and will be told if they have been deceived

Answer 33

researchers must ensure participants are protected mentally and physically

Answer 34

participants and the data are to be kept anonymous

Answer 35

a similar group of people consent to the study so consent is assumed for the actual group

Answer 36

participants agree to take part in a number of studies including deception

Answer 37

consent is asked after the study

Answer 38

a small scale version of the study done to identify any issues

Answer 39

identifies any issues enables self report methods to be tested and remove any ambigious questions enables observation system to be checked

Answer 40

- allocate funding to the research - validate the quality and relevance of the work - check if the research is original - suggest any improvements

Answer 41

piece of research is assessed by a group of anonymous experts in the field to deem whether the work is scientifically acceptable

Answer 42

in depth analysis of an individual typically with an rare or unusual situation or condition produces qualitative data

Answer 43

quantitative method which uses data from published studies and combines the data of multiple studies to draw an overall conclusion

Answer 44

avoids experimenter bias increases reliability of findings able to generalise findings

Answer 45

no control of variables potential publication bias difficult to access relevant studies

Answer 46

turns qualitative data into quantitative data using a coding system tallys each time behaviour/catergory appears uses test retest and inter rater techniques to improve reliability

Answer 47

-analyses both qualitative and quantitative data - rich in detail but trends can be analysed

Answer 48

potential of interpretative bias

Answer 49

method used to analyse qualitative data identifies reoccuring themes ( eg a motif or idea ) researcher reads the data and familiarises themselves identifies the themes reviews these themes and categorises them to see if they can explain behaviour and answer the research question

Answer 50

data which has been collected for the purpose of the investigation by the the research themselves

Answer 51

data which has been collected by someone other than the person who is conducting the research - not specifically for the aim of the research

Answer 52

- fits the aims of the study obtained from the ppts themselves targets the information that the researcher requires

Answer 53

requires time and effort to collect

Answer 54

easily accessed and minimal effort and expenses

Answer 55

may not match the researchers needs/aims of the study

Answer 56

naturalistic and controlled covert and overt ppt and non ppt

Answer 57

takes place in the setting or context where the target behaviour would occur

Answer 58

high external validity actually seeing how people behave in their normal environment

Answer 59

hard to replicate due to lack of control of variables

Answer 60

observing behaviour in a structured environment where variables are managed

Answer 61

replication can take place due to control of key variables

Answer 62

lacks external validity

Answer 63

ppts are unaware they are being observed

Answer 64

ppts are aware they are being observed for a study

Answer 65

avoids demand characteristics increases internal validity

Answer 66

questions ethics of the study - informed

Answer 67

observer becomes part of the group they are studying - immerses themselves

Answer 68

experience the situation as the ppt do - increased insight which may increase external validity

Answer 69

may lose objectivity

Answer 70

researcher remains separate from the ppts they are observing

Answer 71

maintains objectivity

Answer 72

may lose valuable insight

Answer 73

research breaks up target behaviour into a set of categories which are observable and measurable

Answer 74

observable and measurable so no need for inferences and further interpretation

Answer 75

categories must not overlap and be clear and distinct - may be hard for complex behaviours

Answer 76

recording the number of times a particular behaviour occurs

Answer 77

recording the behaviour within a certain time frame eg every 2 minutes

Answer 78

useful when target behaviour happens infrequently so time sampling might miss it

Answer 79

observer may overlook important parts if event it too complex

Answer 80

reducing the number of observations made

Answer 81

might be unrepresentative of whole situation

Answer 82

a set of written questions used to assess a persons thoughts/ feelingd

Answer 83

does not a fixed answer or response ppts are able to respond as freely as they like leads to qualitiative data and more detail

Answer 84

has a fixed number of responses produces quantitative data

Answer 85

easy to distribute an cost effective data is typically easy to analyse can produce quantitative and qualitative data

Answer 86

relies on honesty - ppts may lie due to social desireability bias or change their response due to demand charactertisitics

Answer 87

structured, unstructured and semi structured

Answer 88

pre determined questions asked in a fixed order

Answer 89

no set questions - general aim of the topics to be discussed but interaction is free flowing

Answer 90

list of questions worked out in advance but interviewers are free to ask follow up questions

Answer 91

easy to replicate due to standardised format

Answer 92

limits richness of detail collected

Answer 93

gain a greater insight into the interviewee

Answer 94

risk of interviewer bias

Answer 95

randomly assigns ppts to different groups/conditions by attempting to evenly distribute characteristics across the groups

Answer 96

attempt to control order effects in repeated measures designs ABBA half the ppts do condition 1 then condition 2 other half do condition 2 then condition 1 balances the effects

Answer 97

process of using random methods to assign ppts to different groups techniques such as random number generator or pulling names out of a hat ensures each ppt has an equal chance of being in either condition

Answer 98

process which ensures that all procedures and conditions are kept consistent for all ppts

Answer 99

a variable other than the iv which may affect the dv if not controlled

Answer 100

a type of extraneous variable which varies systematically with the iv - cannot tell if change in dv is due to iv or not

Answer 101

- can have an effect in society push for social change and adoption of new ideas - implicate the economy by providing an idea of how much governments spend their money in certain areas

Answer 102

-Schaffer and Emmerson found the father is an important attachment figure in a childs development both parents are able to take it in turns looking after the child and the mother can return to work

Answer 103

the extent to how accurate data/findings are whether the researcher is measuring what they intend to measure

Answer 104

whether the researcher has measured what they intend to measure

Answer 105

the extent to which findings can be generalised beyond the research setting

Answer 106

the extent to which findings can be generalised to everyday lfie

Answer 107

the extent to which findings from a study hold the same over time

Answer 108

face validity concurrent validity predicitve validity

Answer 109

do the questions measure what they intend to do

Answer 110

checking the results gathered from a new research tool against an established research tool - similar results / close agreement would suggest the new tool has high concurrent validity

Answer 111

checking results by assessing two sets of data at the same time

Answer 112

the extent to how consistent the data is

Answer 113

test - retest reliability inter observer reliability

Answer 114

assessing the same person on two separate occasions eg researcher carrying out the same study twice and getting the same results

Answer 115

the extent to which there is agreement between two or more observers involved in the observation of behaviours multiple people observe the behaviours - calculate a Kappa score to quantify the amount of agreement between observers

Answer 116

- theory construction and hypothesis testing - empirical method - paradigm and paradigm shifts -replicability -objectivity -falsifiability

Answer 117

shared assumptions and beliefs within a particular discipline which distinguishes between science and non-science

Answer 118

a field of study moves through a scientific revolution

Answer 119

process of developing a set of principles that intend to explain certain behaviours constructed using empirical evidence

Answer 120

study is conducted to see if the hypothesis is correct

Answer 121

the ability for a theory to be proven wrong - ability to test the theory

Answer 122

the extent for studies and research to be repeated by other researchers

Answer 123

researches must remove themselves and opinions from the study so personal bias doesnt distort the research process

Answer 124

using scientific methods to collect data - controllable and replicable ,methods

Answer 125

- produces intuitive results which are above common sense - scientific methods are used - findings impact society

Answer 126

- experiment interpretations can be subjective - not all research is generalisable - often make inferences

Answer 127

- abstract - introduction - method - results - discussion - referencing

Answer 128

- first section in a journal/article - summarises the article including all the key details eg aim. hypothesis

Answer 129

literature overview - includes a look at past research on a similar topic - includes the aim and hypothesis

Answer 130

a description of what the researcher did - should include sufficient detail so that other researchers are able to precisely replicate the study if they wish

Answer 131

summary of what the researcher found including descriptive and inferential statistics

Answer 132

a consideration of what the results tell us in terms of psychological theory

Answer 133

list of sources that are referred to or quoted in the article - ensures plagirism doesnt occur

Answer 134

balances type 1 and type 2 error

Answer 135

- null hypothesis is rejected - alernative hypothesis is accepted - typically at 0.10 level - claim to have found a significance when in reality there isnt one

Answer 136

- null hypothesis is accepted - alternative hypothesis is rejected - typically at 0.01 level - claim there is no significance when there actually is one

Answer 137

use of graphs, tables and summary statistics to identify trends

Answer 138

average - calculated by adding up all the values and dividing by the number of values

Answer 139

the middle value in a data set- calculated by ordering the values in numerical order and finding the central value

Answer 140

the most common value in a data set

Answer 141

calculation of the spread of data - subtracting the lowest score from the highest

Answer 142

the measurement of dispersion from the mean

Answer 143

strength - represents all the data limitation - easily distorted by extremes

Answer 144

strength - extreme scores do not affect it limitation - doesnt use all values

Answer 145

strength - easy to calculate limitation - not representative of the whole data set

Answer 146

strength - easy to calculate limitation - easily distorted by extremes

Answer 147

strength - precise measurement limitation - easily distorted

Research methods Flashcards

(174 cards)