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psychology A-level > approaches in psychology > Flashcards

approaches in psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the assumption of the behaviourist approach

A

all behaviour is learnt from the environment

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2
Q

what do behaviourist psychologists study ( and reject )

A

observable behaviour
reject cognition

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3
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

learning through association

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4
Q

what are the examples of classical conditioning

A

Pavlovs dogs
Little Albert

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5
Q

how does classical conditioning work
diagram

A

UCS —> UCR
UCS + NS —-> UCR
CS ——> CR

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6
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

learning through rewards and consequences

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7
Q

how do rewards help behaviour

A

reinforces good behaviour increases likelihood of repetition

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8
Q

what are the two types of reinforcement

A

positive and negative

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9
Q

what is positive reinforcement

A

the addition of something that strengthens behaviour

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10
Q

what is negative reinforcement

A

the removal of the unpleasant stimulus which strengthens behaviour

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11
Q

what is punishment

A

the unpleasant consequence to extinguish bad behaviour

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12
Q

what is an example of operant conditioning

A

Skinners box

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13
Q

what are the strengths of the behaviourist approach

A
  • real world application and token economies eg schools and prisons
  • scientific
  • can help people with phobias
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14
Q

what are the limitations of the behaviourist approach

A
  • lacks ecological validity
  • unethical
  • ignores cognition
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15
Q

what is the assumption of the biological approach

A

all behaviour is influenced by our genetic makeup and inheritance

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16
Q

what biological factors will affect our behaviour

A
  • genes
  • brain
  • hormones
  • nervous system
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17
Q

how does evolution affect our behaviour

A

natural selection
weaker genes die out and adaptive genes survive
human behaviours are all similar eg facial expression

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18
Q

what are genetics

A

genetic makeup of an organism and how genes influence behaviours and characteristics

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19
Q

what is hereditry

A

traits characteristics and behaviours inhereted by the parents

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20
Q

what is a genotype

A

actual genetic makeup of a person

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21
Q

what is a phenotype

A

the physical expression of the gene through environmental interaction q

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22
Q

what studies does the biological approach use

A

family studies, identical twins, adoption studies

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23
Q

how do psychologists measure if a trait is genetic or learnt from environment

A

concordance - higher percentage = more likely to be genetic

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24
Q

what are the issues with MZ adoption studies

A
  • very rare
  • never get 100% concordance rate
  • cannot isolate the role of learning
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25
strengths of the biological approach
scientific lab based high control
26
limitations of the biological approach
limited data lacks ecological validity Deterministic - crime
27
what is the assumption of the cognitive approach
that behaviour is driven by internal processes
28
what is a schema
packages of ideas that hold information
29
what are the advantages of schemas
allows you to interpret the world stops you feeling overwhelmed
30
what are the issues with schemas
could make a perceptual error
31
what is the human computer analogy
human minds are compared to computer processing
32
what is a limitation of comparing humans to computers
ignores human emotion and motivation and free will
33
what are theoretical models
theories of behaviour that are represented in picture format
34
what does inference mean
educated guess based on the available information
35
what is cognitive neuroscience
map thinking procresses to areas of the brain
36
what are two examples of advanced tech involved in cognitive neuroscience
PET scans FMRIs
37
what are the strengths of the cognitive approach
scientific
38
what are the limitations of the cognitive approach
theoretical machine reductionism real world application
39
what is the assumption of the social learning theory
learning occurs through the observation of role models
40
where does SLT fall with behaviourism and cognitive
combines the idea of learning from the environment and the fact that we have internal processes
41
Name a key SLT psychologist
Albert Bandura
42
what is vicarious reinforcement
children and adults observe other peoples behaviour and take note of the consequences
43
what are the two types of models that supports observational learning
live models symbolic models
44
what is a live model
people who are present in our environment eg parents teachers
45
what is a symbolic model
people who are present in the media eg celebs
46
what are the 4 steps of learning by observation
- behaviour must be modelled by somebody/ role model - observer must identify with the role model eg gender age interests - behaviour must be observed - behaviour is imitated
47
what are the 4 mediational processes associated with SLT
- attention - must notice the behaviour - retention - you must remember it - reproduction - able to repeat behaviour - motivation - must have a reason to do it
48
what is the Bobo doll experiment
recorded the behaviour of young children who watched an adult behave violently towards a doll the children then play w the doll and see if they copy the violent tendencies
49
what does the bobo doll experiment teach
teaches that mediating cognitive factors must be intervening between observation and behaviour
50
how can SLT be applied to the real world
used in token economies and systematic desensitisation
51
what are the strengths of SLT
- considers cognitive factors - provides a more complex explanation of the mind
52
what are the limitations of SLT
- lab settings high control - only looked at short term effects
53
what is the assumption of the psychodynamic approach
all behaviour is driven by the unconscious mind
54
what are the three parts of the mind
- conscious mind - pre conscious mind - unconscious mind
55
what is the conscious mind
mind where you are aware of things and how you are feeling
56
what is the pre conscious mind
deeper thoughts and feelings thought to emerge in dreams
57
what is the unconscious mind
mass of desires and traumatic memories that you repress
58
what are the 3 types of personality
ID superego ego
59
what is ID
primitive personality, selfish, gratification needed instantly
60
what age do you develop ID
born with it seething mass of ID
61
what is the superego
morality, sense of right and wrong developed from the same sex parent
62
what is the ego
mediates between ID and superego, reality uses ego defence mechanisms
63
what are the three ego defence mechanisms
denial repression displacment
64
what is denial ( ego defence)
refusing to accept reality
65
what is repression ( ego defence )
pushing memories or feelings to the unconscious mind
66
what is displacement ( ego defence )
transferring true feelings onto a safer target
67
what are the 5 psycho sexual stages
oral anal phallic latent genital
68
what happens at each stage
new area of focus of pleasure occurs too much or too little focus at each stage can cause you to get stuck
69
what is the oral stage
- focus of pleasure is the mouth - occurs around ages 0-1
70
what are the adult behaviours associated with the oral stage
biting nails, smoking, critical, sarcastic
71
what is the anal stage
- focus of pleasure is the bum - occurs ages 1-3 - potty training child either witholds or expels faeces
72
what is electra
- girls desire fathers - worry they have been castrated - penis envy - identify with their mother - desire a baby
72
what is the phallic stage
- focus is on the genitals - occurs around 3-5 oedipus and electra are introduced
72
what are the adult behaviours associated with the anal stage
anal retentive - perfectionist anal expulsive - messy
73
what is oedipus
- boys desire their mothers - scared of their fathers - scared of castration - decide to internalise their father
74
what is the latent stage
- focus is friendships / school - no fixation - ages 6-13 - earlier conflicts are repressed
75
what is the genital phase
- puberty onwards - sexual desires
76
what are the strengths of the psychodynamic approach
- Freud introduced the idea of treating physical health and mental health differently - considers the role of early childhood
77
what are the limitations of the psychodynamic approach
- unfalsifiable - unscientific - subjective - based all his findings on middle ages women with mental disorders

psychology A-level (9 decks)

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