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psychology A-level > approaches in psychology > Flashcards

approaches in psychology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the assumption of the behaviourist approach

A

all behaviour is learnt from the environment

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2
Q

what do behaviourist psychologists study ( and reject )

A

observable behaviour
reject cognition

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3
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

learning through association

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4
Q

what are the examples of classical conditioning

A

Pavlovs dogs
Little Albert

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5
Q

how does classical conditioning work
diagram

A

UCS —> UCR
UCS + NS —-> UCR
CS ——> CR

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6
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

learning through rewards and consequences

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7
Q

how do rewards help behaviour

A

reinforces good behaviour increases likelihood of repetition

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8
Q

what are the two types of reinforcement

A

positive and negative

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9
Q

what is positive reinforcement

A

the addition of something that strengthens behaviour

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10
Q

what is negative reinforcement

A

the removal of the unpleasant stimulus which strengthens behaviour

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11
Q

what is punishment

A

the unpleasant consequence to extinguish bad behaviour

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12
Q

what is an example of operant conditioning

A

Skinners box

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13
Q

what are the strengths of the behaviourist approach

A
  • real world application and token economies eg schools and prisons
  • scientific
  • can help people with phobias
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14
Q

what are the limitations of the behaviourist approach

A
  • lacks ecological validity
  • unethical
  • ignores cognition
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15
Q

what is the assumption of the biological approach

A

all behaviour is influenced by our genetic makeup and inheritance

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16
Q

what biological factors will affect our behaviour

A
  • genes
  • brain
  • hormones
  • nervous system
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17
Q

how does evolution affect our behaviour

A

natural selection
weaker genes die out and adaptive genes survive
human behaviours are all similar eg facial expression

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18
Q

what are genetics

A

genetic makeup of an organism and how genes influence behaviours and characteristics

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19
Q

what is hereditry

A

traits characteristics and behaviours inhereted by the parents

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20
Q

what is a genotype

A

actual genetic makeup of a person

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21
Q

what is a phenotype

A

the physical expression of the gene through environmental interaction q

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22
Q

what studies does the biological approach use

A

family studies, identical twins, adoption studies

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23
Q

how do psychologists measure if a trait is genetic or learnt from environment

A

concordance - higher percentage = more likely to be genetic

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24
Q

what are the issues with MZ adoption studies

A
  • very rare
  • never get 100% concordance rate
  • cannot isolate the role of learning
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25
Q

strengths of the biological approach

A

scientific
lab based high control

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26
Q

limitations of the biological approach

A

limited data
lacks ecological validity
Deterministic - crime

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27
Q

what is the assumption of the cognitive approach

A

that behaviour is driven by internal processes

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28
Q

what is a schema

A

packages of ideas that hold information

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29
Q

what are the advantages of schemas

A

allows you to interpret the world
stops you feeling overwhelmed

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30
Q

what are the issues with schemas

A

could make a perceptual error

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31
Q

what is the human computer analogy

A

human minds are compared to computer processing

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32
Q

what is a limitation of comparing humans to computers

A

ignores human emotion and motivation and free will

33
Q

what are theoretical models

A

theories of behaviour that are represented in picture format

34
Q

what does inference mean

A

educated guess based on the available information

35
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience

A

map thinking procresses to areas of the brain

36
Q

what are two examples of advanced tech involved in cognitive neuroscience

A

PET scans
FMRIs

37
Q

what are the strengths of the cognitive approach

A

scientific

38
Q

what are the limitations of the cognitive approach

A

theoretical
machine reductionism
real world application

39
Q

what is the assumption of the social learning theory

A

learning occurs through the observation of role models

40
Q

where does SLT fall with behaviourism and cognitive

A

combines the idea of learning from the environment and the fact that we have internal processes

41
Q

Name a key SLT psychologist

A

Albert Bandura

42
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement

A

children and adults observe other peoples behaviour and take note of the consequences

43
Q

what are the two types of models that supports observational learning

A

live models
symbolic models

44
Q

what is a live model

A

people who are present in our environment eg parents teachers

45
Q

what is a symbolic model

A

people who are present in the media eg celebs

46
Q

what are the 4 steps of learning by observation

A
  • behaviour must be modelled by somebody/ role model
  • observer must identify with the role model eg gender age interests
  • behaviour must be observed
  • behaviour is imitated
47
Q

what are the 4 mediational processes associated with SLT

A
  • attention - must notice the behaviour
  • retention - you must remember it
  • reproduction - able to repeat behaviour
  • motivation - must have a reason to do it
48
Q

what is the Bobo doll experiment

A

recorded the behaviour of young children who watched an adult behave violently towards a doll
the children then play w the doll and see if they copy the violent tendencies

49
Q

what does the bobo doll experiment teach

A

teaches that mediating cognitive factors must be intervening between observation and behaviour

50
Q

how can SLT be applied to the real world

A

used in token economies and systematic desensitisation

51
Q

what are the strengths of SLT

A
  • considers cognitive factors
  • provides a more complex explanation of the mind
52
Q

what are the limitations of SLT

A
  • lab settings high control
  • only looked at short term effects
53
Q

what is the assumption of the psychodynamic approach

A

all behaviour is driven by the unconscious mind

54
Q

what are the three parts of the mind

A
  • conscious mind
  • pre conscious mind
  • unconscious mind
55
Q

what is the conscious mind

A

mind where you are aware of things and how you are feeling

56
Q

what is the pre conscious mind

A

deeper thoughts and feelings thought to emerge in dreams

57
Q

what is the unconscious mind

A

mass of desires and traumatic memories that you repress

58
Q

what are the 3 types of personality

A

ID
superego
ego

59
Q

what is ID

A

primitive personality, selfish, gratification needed instantly

60
Q

what age do you develop ID

A

born with it
seething mass of ID

61
Q

what is the superego

A

morality, sense of right and wrong
developed from the same sex parent

62
Q

what is the ego

A

mediates between ID and superego, reality
uses ego defence mechanisms

63
Q

what are the three ego defence mechanisms

A

denial
repression
displacment

64
Q

what is denial ( ego defence)

A

refusing to accept reality

65
Q

what is repression ( ego defence )

A

pushing memories or feelings to the unconscious mind

66
Q

what is displacement ( ego defence )

A

transferring true feelings onto a safer target

67
Q

what are the 5 psycho sexual stages

A

oral
anal
phallic
latent
genital

68
Q

what happens at each stage

A

new area of focus of pleasure occurs
too much or too little focus at each stage can cause you to get stuck

69
Q

what is the oral stage

A
  • focus of pleasure is the mouth
  • occurs around ages 0-1
70
Q

what are the adult behaviours associated with the oral stage

A

biting nails, smoking, critical, sarcastic

71
Q

what is the anal stage

A
  • focus of pleasure is the bum
  • occurs ages 1-3
  • potty training child either witholds or expels faeces
72
Q

what is electra

A
  • girls desire fathers
  • worry they have been castrated
  • penis envy
  • identify with their mother
  • desire a baby
72
Q

what is the phallic stage

A
  • focus is on the genitals
  • occurs around 3-5
    oedipus and electra are introduced
72
Q

what are the adult behaviours associated with the anal stage

A

anal retentive - perfectionist
anal expulsive - messy

73
Q

what is oedipus

A
  • boys desire their mothers
  • scared of their fathers
  • scared of castration
  • decide to internalise their father
74
Q

what is the latent stage

A
  • focus is friendships / school
  • no fixation
  • ages 6-13
  • earlier conflicts are repressed
75
Q

what is the genital phase

A
  • puberty onwards
  • sexual desires
76
Q

what are the strengths of the psychodynamic approach

A
  • Freud introduced the idea of treating physical health and mental health differently
  • considers the role of early childhood
77
Q

what are the limitations of the psychodynamic approach

A
  • unfalsifiable
  • unscientific
  • subjective
  • based all his findings on middle ages women with mental disorders

psychology A-level (5 decks)

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