Memory

Question 1

What are the two types of memory proposed by Endel Tulving?

Answer 1

Semantic Memory and Episodic Memory

Semantic Memory refers to knowledge of language, including its rules, words, and meanings, while Episodic Memory refers to the chronological retention of events in one’s life.

Question 2

What is Semantic Memory?

Answer 2

Knowledge of language, including its rules, words, and meanings

Semantic Memory is a type of long-term memory that deals with the understanding of language.

Question 3

What is Episodic Memory?

Answer 3

Chronological retention of the events in one’s life

Episodic Memory allows individuals to recall personal experiences and specific events.

Question 4

Who proposed the model that includes Declarative and Procedural memory?

Answer 4

L.R. Squire

L.R. Squire’s model expands on Tulving’s concepts by categorizing memory into Declarative and Procedural types.

Question 5

What does Declarative Memory involve?

Answer 5

Both semantic and episodic memory

Declarative Memory is the type of memory that can be consciously recalled and includes facts and events.

Question 6

What is Procedural Memory?

Answer 6

Permanent storage of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection

Procedural Memory allows individuals to perform tasks without actively thinking about them, such as riding a bike.

Question 7

True or False: Tulving’s idea of memory types was entirely original.

Answer 7

False

While Tulving distinguished these types of memory with specific names, the concepts were not originally his.

Question 8

What is Long-Term Memory?

Answer 8

Long-Term Memory refers to the storage of information over extended periods of time.

Question 9

How is information stored in Long-Term Memory?

Answer 9

Information is stored according to categories and features.

Question 10

What is working memory?

Answer 10

Working memory is essential for thinking and problem solving.

Question 11

What are the two components of working memory?

Answer 11

The two components are short-term memory and executive attention.

Question 12

What is short-term memory?

Answer 12

Short-term memory is the limited information humans can remember at a time.

Question 13

What is executive attention?

Answer 13

Executive attention determines the type and amount of information that short-term memory can access.

Question 14

What happens to unattended information in working memory?

Answer 14

Unattended information is lost.

Question 15

What happens to unrehearsed information in working memory?

Answer 15

Unrehearsed information is lost.

Question 16

Can some information be lost over time in working memory?

Answer 16

Yes, some information may be lost over time.

Question 17

What is the Primacy-Recency Effect?

Answer 17

We are better able to recall information presented at the beginning and end of a list.

Question 18

What is the Primacy Effect?

Answer 18

The ability to recall the first few items in a list.

Question 19

What is the Recency Effect?

Answer 19

The ability to recall the last few items in a list.

Question 20

What experiment is associated with the Primacy-Recency Effect?

Answer 20

The Sperling Memory Experiment.

Question 21

What is the typical capacity of short-term memory in healthy adults?

Answer 21

Healthy adults can usually retain 7 unrelated items of information at a time.

Question 22

What is Maintenance Rehearsal?

Answer 22

The act of repeating the information to yourself or out loud.

Question 23

What is Chunking?

Answer 23

Grouping items together to make them easier to remember.

Question 24

How long does short-term memory last without rehearsal?

Answer 24

Short-term memory lasts less than 20 seconds if not rehearsed.

Question 25

What is sensory memory?

Answer 25

The senses of sight, hearing, and touch are able to hold an input for a fraction of a second before disappearing.

Question 26

What device did George Sperling use in his memory experiments?

Answer 26

Sperling used a tachistoscope, a device that presents a picture for a brief period of time.

Question 27

What is iconic memory?

Answer 27

Visual sensory memory referred to by psychologists.

Question 28

What is the purpose of a tachistoscope?

Answer 28

It is used in photographic-memory training.

Question 29

What is sensory memory?

Answer 29

Sensory memory is the ability of the senses of sight, hearing, and touch to hold an input for a fraction of a second before it disappears.

Question 30

What device did Sperling use in his tests?

Answer 30

Sperling used a tachistoscope, a device that presents a picture for a brief period of time.

Question 31

What is iconic memory?

Answer 31

Iconic memory is the visual sensory memory referred to by psychologists.

Question 32

What is the purpose of a tachistoscope?

Answer 32

The tachistoscope is used in photographic-memory training.

Question 33

What is the role of the amygdala?

Answer 33

The amygdala is involved in fear and fear memories.

Question 34

What is the function of the hippocampus?

Answer 34

The hippocampus is associated with declarative and episodic memory as well as recognition memory.

Question 35

What are the three stages of memory?

Answer 35

The three stages of memory are encoding, storing, and retrieval.

Question 36

What is encoding in memory?

Answer 36

Encoding is transforming information for the nervous system to process. It might use auditory coding, semantic coding, or visual coding.

Question 37

What is storing in memory?

Answer 37

Storing is maintaining the encoded information in memory for a few seconds or many years.

Question 38

What factors influence the ability to store information?

Answer 38

The ability to store depends on the effort put into the encoding stage or the importance of the information.

Question 39

What is retrieval in memory?

Answer 39

Retrieval is bringing memories from storage to the brain.

Question 40

What influences retrieval?

Answer 40

Retrieval is influenced by genetics, success of encoding, and past experiences.