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psychology > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

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1
Q

what is coding

A

the format in which information is stored in various stores

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2
Q

what is capacity

A

the amount of information that can be held in a memory store

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3
Q

what is duration

A

the length of time in which information can be held in a memory store

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4
Q

what is short term memory

A

is a limited capacity store. coding is acoustic (sounds), duration-18 to 20 secs, capacity is 5 to 9 items.

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5
Q

what is long term memory term memory

A

the permanent memory store, coding is semantic (meaning), unlimited capacity, store memories up to a life time.

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6
Q

what is memory

A

the process which we retain information that has happened in the past. - short and long term memory.

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7
Q

what is encoding

A

the way information is changed so it can be stored in memory.

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8
Q

what is the research on coding

A

Baddley (1966) gave different lists of words to 4 groups of participants to remember.

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9
Q

what did the mistakes of the research show

A

the encoding in that part of memory.

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10
Q

what happened when participants were asked to recall straight away (short term memory)- acoustically similar

A

group one was the worst which shows that the information is encoded acoustically. Therefore short term memory is acoustic.

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11
Q

what happened to participants that were asked to recall information after 20 mins ( long term)- semantically similar

A

group 3 had the worst recall shows information in LTM is encoded semantically.

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12
Q

give a positive evaluation of coding

A

P- research often conducted in controlled laboratory conditions. E- Allowed for control of extraneous variables- manipulation of type of words presented to p’s
L- high internal validity-manipulation of our IV caused our DV.

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13
Q

what is the research for capacity- jacobs

A

Jacobs (1887) developed a technique to measure digital span. researcher gives 4 digits to p to say out loud and increase number when correct shows that STM is 5-9 items.

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14
Q

what is Millers research into coding

A

Miller 1956 found out that people can recall 5 words and well as 5 letter - demonstrated via chunking eg. ACK XMN

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15
Q

research into duration

A

Peterson and Peterson

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16
Q

what is the multi store model

A

A theory made by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). a representation on how the memory works based on STM, LTM and sensory register also decribes how information is transferred from one store to another.

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17
Q

how does information pass in the model

A

in a linear fashion to the next store.

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18
Q

what kind of stores are STM and LTM

A

unitary (single) stores

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19
Q

what is needed for information to pass from STM to LTM

A

rehersal

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20
Q

what does the model identify there are

A

cognitive processes.

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21
Q

what is attention

A

we focus on stimuli, it is used to pass information onto the sensory store

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22
Q

what is maintance rehersal

A

the process in which you repeat something over and over again to rememeber it

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23
Q

what is the sensory register

A

the sensory store is the information at the senses.

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24
Q

how does information arrive at the sensory store

A

through our eyes, ear, nose, fingers and tongue so the memory is 5 stores not 1

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25
what are the 2 main stores
iconic memory (visual info) and echoic memory ( sound)
26
what is the capacity for sensory store
large capacity
27
what is the duration for sensory store
less than half a second.
28
what is the encoding for sensory store
iconic and echoic
29
what is the short term memory for
events in the present or immediate past
30
what is the encoding in STM
acoustically
31
what is the capacity for STM
5-9 items
32
what is the duration for STM
30 seconds unless rehersed.
33
what is long term memory used for
events that have happened in the more distant past.
34
what is encoding for LTM
semantically
35
what is the capacity for LTM
unlimited
36
what is the duration for LTM
permenant
37
what is a positive evaluation for multi store model
supported by scentific brain scanning evidnece E- Beardsley- pre frontal cortex active during STM tasks but not LTM tasks L- plausible of seperate LTM and STM stores.
38
how many types of long term memory are there and what are they
3- episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory
39
who suggested there are 3 types LTM and what year
Tulving 1985
40
what is episodic memory
a LTM store for personal events or experiences that happened in your life. They are 'time stamped' and you remember the people, objects and behaviours involved. you make a conscious effort to recall the memories and you are aware you are searching for you particular memory.
41
what is semantic memory
a LTM store for facts or general knowledge of the world. This includes facts and our knowledge of what words and concepts mean. the memories are not 'time stamped'. it's less personal. we are conscious and aware of them.
42
what is procedural memory
a LTM store for motor skills/actions eg. driving a car. This includes our memory of learned skills. we recall these memories without making a conscious or deliberate effort. it is not time stamped.
43
give a positive evaluation of LTM
P- there are evidence from case studies to support the existance of different LTM stores. E- case study of Wearing. l-different types of long term memory.
44
give a negative evaluation of LTM
P- research often conducted on individual patients E- wearing case L- knowledge around LTM is still sparse.
45
who made the working memory model
Baddley and Hitch 1974
46
what is the working memory model (WMM)
Only for short term memory. proposed that all information isn't transferred into 1 store but 3 different stores also known as slave systems
47
how did they come up for the working memory store
dual task peformances- researches found that people could preform 1 verbal and 1 visual task simultaneously but when they did 2 of each it became difficult suggesting that there is one store for visual and a seperate one for auditory
48
According to the model how many components are there that enables us to preform complex tasks
4 - the central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer
49
what is the difference in these components
they are qualitatively different- capacity and coding
50
what is the central executive ( the boss)
main component of the WMM- drives the whole system- it decides what we selectively pay attention to. The CE referred to as the boss because it controls the other 3 components and it send information to the relevant stores. Its active when we deal with cognitive tasks and allocates processing resources to these activities.
51
describe the coding for central executive
modality free- deals with info from any senses.
52
what is the capacity for central executive
very limited- only pay attention to small amount.
53
what is the phonological loop
auditory information. It preserves the order of information. It also contributes to our learning of sounds of language. It accesses LTM to store and retrieve information about language sounds which allows us to develope our vocab.
54
what is the coding for phonological loop
acoustic
55
what is the capacity of the phonological loop
limited only hold what was said in 2 seconds.
56
how many parts is the phonological loop divided into
2- phonological store and articulatory control system
57
what is the phonological store (inner ear)
holds words that you hear in a speech- based format
58
what is the articulatory control system (inner voice)
allows for maintance rehersal
59
what is the visuo-spatial sketchpad
visual and spatial information that stores and manipulates visual and spatial information. VSS can only access LTM and retrive viso-spatial information.
60
who divided the VSS into 2 parts and what are they
Lougie-1995- visual cache and the inner scribe
61
what is the visual cache
stores information about form and colour
62
what is the inner scribe
records their spatial position in the visual field. It rehearse and transfers information in the visual cache to the CE
63
what is the episodic buffer
coding-modality, capacity- limited- more of a general store (back up store) which communicates with LTM and componenets of working model, takes all info and forms a memory of what is happening.
64
Give 2 explanations of forgetting
interference theory and retrivial failure.
65
explain the interference theory
when 2 pieces of information compete with eachother. One memory disrupts the ability to recall another memory which make us harder to locate them.
66
when is interference more/less likely to occur
if memories are similar more likely to occur -less likely if memories are different
67
whats a study that was used to support this interfernce theory
McGeoch and McDonald 1931- p's had to learn 10 words with 100% accuracy
68
what are the 2 types of intereference theories
proactive intereference and retroactive
69
what is proactive
when old memories affects recall of new information- old one affects new one.
70
what is retroactive
when new learning affects the recall of old information - anew memory interferes a old one
71
what is retrieval failure
a form of forgetting when we don't have necessary cues to access a memory. The memory is available but not accessible unless a trigger is provided.
72
what is context dependent forgetting
when the environment you are in is different from the environment you are recalling the memory.
73
what is state context forgetting
when the mood or physiological state you are in is different from the memory you were recalling from.
74
what are factors affecting EWT
Leading questions, post-event discussion, anxiety
75
how does leading questions affect EWT
when the question is phrased in a certain way is cause the witness to answer question in a certain way
76
what finding of lofus and palmer work on leading question
showed clips of a car accident and then gave question about the accident they were asked how fast were the cars going when they ....eachother. split into 5 groups with different verbs
77
how does post event discussion affect EWT
they discuss with eachother and becomes 'contaminated' because they combine their own memories with information of other witnesses.
78
how does anxiety affect EWT
state of emotional and physical arousal which will be strong which can have a better or worser recall. Negative recall- prevents paying attention- positive- triggers fight or flight increase alertness.
79
how to improve EWT
cognitive interview
80
what is cognitive interview
questioning techniques to enchance retrieval of information from EW and victims memory. use multiple strategies- report everything, reinstate the context, reverse the order. change the perspective.

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