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research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

how many types of research methods are there and what are they?

A

2 types- experimental and non- experimental

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2
Q

what are they types of experimental methods

A

field, natural, lab, quasi

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3
Q

what is a lab experiment

A

takes place in a highly controlled setting. iv manipulated by researcher and dv is measured. researcher tries to eliminate any extraneous variables

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4
Q

what are the strengths of lab experiment

A

easy to follow- more consistency to findings
- any changes to the dv is due to changing the iv therefore we can establish a cause and effect between the iv and dv

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5
Q

what are the weakness of lab experiments

A

low ecological validity- doesn’t relate to real life
- p’s more likely to display demand charcteristics

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6
Q

what is a field experiment

A

occurs in a everyday setting eg. school, hospital
iv is still manipulated by researcher and dv is measured

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7
Q

what are the strengths of field experiments

A

occurs in everyday setting so less artificial- higher ecological validity
- less demand charcteristics because p’s unaware they being observed

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8
Q

what are the weaknesses of field experiments

A

can’t eliminate and control extraneous variables
- difficult to replicate

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9
Q

what is a natural experiment

A

iv is not manipulated by the researcher, it occurs naturally - often already happened
- iv can’t be manipulated because of ethical reasons

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10
Q

what are the strengths of natural experiments

A

p’s less likely to display demand characteristics
- higher ecological validity

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11
Q

what are the weaknesses of natural experiments

A

difficult to eliminate extraneous variables
- difficult to replicate

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12
Q

what is a quasi

A

iv is not manipulated, based on existing differences such as age or gender. also known as a fake experiment

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13
Q

what are the types of non-experimental methods

A

correlations, observations, self-report methods ( interviews/ questionaires)

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14
Q

what are the types of observations

A

naturalistic and controlled, overt and covert, participant and non- participant

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15
Q

what are naturalistic observations

A

take place in natural setting like a school or prison

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16
Q

what are the strengths of natural observations

A

easy to follow- consistency
- researchers can observe behaviours that can’t be controlled in lab due to ethical reasons

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16
Q

what are the weaknesses of naturalistic observations

A

difficult to replicate
- can’t control extraneous variables

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17
Q

what are controlled observations

A

occurs in a controlled lab setting
- researcher attempts to manipulate the variables

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18
Q

what are the strengths of controlled observations

A

highly controlled allows researchers to remove any extraneous variables
- easy to replicate

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19
Q

what are the weaknesses of controlled observations

A
  • low ecological validity
  • p’s more likely to display demand characteristics
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20
Q

what is covert observations

A

done secretly, p’s unaware they are being observed

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21
Q

strengths of covert observations

A

p’s unaware they are being observed so less demand characteristics
- researchers can observe behaviours that are secret or private such as criminal behaviour

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22
Q

what are the weakness of covert of covert

A
  • p’s unaware they are being observed- didn’t give consent
  • difficult to record behaviour without being caught
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23
Q

what is overt observations

A

when research does observation in open and p’s aware they are being observed

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23
weakness of overt
- more likely demand characteristics - difficult to recruit p's
23
strengths of overt
few ethical issues - researcher can find out more info on them after the observation
24
what is participant observations
when researcher takes part in observation, can be overt or covert
25
strengths of participant
researcher can get more info on the actions of p's - covert- less demand characteristics
26
weakness of participant
- can't remain objective - difficult without getting caught
27
what is non participant
when reseacher doesn't partake in experiment
28
strengths of non- participant
can remain objective -researcher not inferering wont put a interviewer effect
29
weakness of non paricipant
prescenec can effect behaviour - not fully understand the actions of p's
30
what is time sampling
involves observing at different intervals of time eg. every 30 seconds
31
what is event sampling
observer focuses on a specific pre-selected behaviour event has quite infrequently.
32
what is a self-report method
where a person is asked to state their feelings, behaviour or experiences to a given topic.
33
what do self report methods involve
questionnaires and interviews
34
what are questionnaires
a set of standardised questions that is delivered to p's. Can include closed or open questions. P's expected to fill questionnaires themselves
35
what are open questions
questions where p can express their ideas and opinions. no pre-determined answers. produce qualitaive data. start with describe
36
s and w of open questions
s- gives researcher a much fuller understanding, qualiliative data+in depth and has meaning w- very time consuming to analyse and draw conclusions from
37
what is closed questions
questions with a set of pre-determined answers. produce quantative data. give tick boxes
38
s and w of closed questions
s-easy to analyse and draw conclusions from w-quantative data gained lacks any deep meaning- doesn't explain why
39
what is a likert scale
indicates the strength of agreement- scale from 1-5
40
what is a rating scale
similar to likert scale they indicate the strengths of feelings- 1-10
41
what is fixed choices
p's just tick from a range of options
42
what are the 3 types of closed questions
likert scale, rating scale, fixed choice options
43
strengths of questionnaires
easy to distribute to p's- strength researcher can obtain a large sample therefore generate a lot of data- standardised questions, easy to replicate, check for reliablity
44
weakness of questionnaires
p's can lie to appear in a favourable light- called socially desirable answers- affects validity of findings.- can have complex questions lead to leading questions urge p's to give a certain response- invalid findings
45
what are interviews
2 types- structured or unstructured. both involve verbal questioning, usually done face-to-face, can be done on phone or internet
46
what is a structured interview
same as questionnaires but interviewer verbally asks the questions. questions are pre-determined.
47
strengths of structured interviews
standardised questions-easy to replicate- check for reliablity - interviewer can explain any questions that p's didn't understand
48
w of structured interviews
p's can lie- not be completly honest- socially desirable answers -interviewer effect
49
what is unstructured interviews
more like a conversation between p and interviewer-there will be themes interviewer wants to go over no standardised question- often voice recorded.
50
s of unstructured interviews
rich, detailed, qualilative data- give researcher a fuller understanding - researcher can steer the interview in any direction- they can probe p to expand
51
w of unstructured
difficult to replicate, not standardised difficult to analyse and draw a conclusion, very time consuming
52
designing self-report techniques
researcher must decide if questions will be open or closed, filer question, sequence of questions, clear and not leading
53
what are pilot studies
small scale trial run of any method. Help iron out any difficulties before main study is carried out- main study can cost money and time.
54
what are correlations
variables are not controlled. looks for a relationship between 2 variables not cause and effect. no ivs or dvs. 2 variables being measured are called co-variables. LOOK FOR A RELATIONSHIP.
55
how many types of correlations are there
3- positive- as 1 increases so does the other- negative- as 1 increases the other decreases- no correraltions
56
s of correlations
a good starting point for further research- allows the relationship between 2 existing variables to be examined when a controlled experiment may not be possible due to ethical or practical reasons
57
w of correrelations
not possible establish a cause and effect- can be misued

psychology (7 decks)

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