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MEMORY Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the DRM?

A

A method to study false memories by presenting semantically related words where a critical lure is falsely recalled

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2
Q

What was the key study for the DRM model?

A

Deese, Roediger, McDermott got results that people confidently remember the non-presented critical word due to semantic association

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3
Q

Why is the DRM experiment important?

A

It shows that memory is reconstructive (not a perfect recording)

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4
Q

Does DRM explain any some lures are more prone to false recall?

A

No

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5
Q

What does explain why some lures are more prone to false recall?

A

Fuzzy Trace Theory (Brainerd and Reyna 2002)

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6
Q

What is Fuzzy Trace Theory?

A

Memory is a dual process. We have two parallel traces
-verbatim: exact word for word details (fades quickly)
-gist: semantics (lasts longer)

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7
Q

What is the testing effect?

A

Retrieving info boosts long term retention more than re-studying

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8
Q

What were the two key studies for testing effects?

A

-Roediger and Karpicke (2006): testing is greater than restudying for long-term recall
-Dunlosky et al 2013: practice testing is a top learning strategy

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9
Q

What is the mechanism behind the testing effect?

A

Retrieval strengthens memory traces and identifies gaps

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10
Q

What are pre-questions?

A

Answering questions before learning improves memory for that info

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11
Q

What is a key study for pre-questions?

A

Toftness et al. 2018: pre-question group outperformed the control on lecture material

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12
Q

What do pre-questions work?

A

Priming activates related knowledge and selective attention focuses encoding on relevant info

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13
Q

What is a potential issue with pre-questioning?

A

It may overshadow non-prequestioned info, acting as a trade-off

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14
Q

What are the two types of memory in the sensory memory stores?

A

Iconic and echoic

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15
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

Visual sensory memory

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16
Q

How brief is iconic memory?

A

Very brief

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17
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

Auditory sensory memory

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18
Q

What is the duration of echoic memory?

A

Around 3 seconds (longer than iconic slightly)

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19
Q

What is the capacity of short term memory?

A

Limited

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20
Q

What is the duration of short term memory?

A

Around 30 seconds

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21
Q

What is working memory?

A

Temporarily stores and manipulates information- limited capacity

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22
Q

What is Baddeley’s working memory model?

A

-central executive: control system that directs attention and coordinates with other components
-phonological loop: stores and processes auditory and verbal info
-visuospatial sketchpad: stores and processes visual and spatial info
-episodic buffer: integrates info from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and long-term memory to create a unified experience

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23
Q

What are the two components of the phonological loop and what do they do?

A

-phonological store: holds spoken words temporarily
-articulatory rehearsal system- repeats words or sounds mentally to keep them in your memory

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24
Q

What is the capacity and duration of long-term memory?

A

Unlimited capacity, lifetime duration

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25
What are the two components of the long-term memory?
-declarative: episodic (events) and semantic (facts) -non-declarative: procedural (skills), conditioning
26
What is the multi-store model by Atkinson and Shiffrin?
Linear flow (sensory to short term memory to long term memory)
27
What does the multi-store model ignore?
The working model’s active processing
28
What is the working memory model described as?
Dynamic and modular
29
What did Aben et al., 2012 find out about short term memory vs. Working memory tasks?
Short term memory tasks are simpler and mainly involve storage of information, while working memory tasks are more complex and involve both storing and actively manipulating information
30
What are the stages of long-term memory?
Encoding (acquiring info), storage (retaining info), retrieval (accessing info)
31
What is the serial position effect and how does it influence memory call?
-refers to the tendency to remember the first (primacy) and the last (recency) items in a list better than those in the middle
32
Explain the primacy effect?
Items at the beginning of a list are better recalled because they are rehearsed more and stored in long-term memory
33
Explain the recency effect?
Items at the end of a list are easier to recall because they are still in short term memory
34
Who showed that the recency effect fades with delay?
Magnussen et al. 1996
35
What are the main theories of forgetting?
-decay theory -interference theory -motivated forgetting
36
What is decay theory?
Memory traces fade over time when they are not actively used or rehearsed
37
What is interference theory?
-proactive interference: old memories interfere with the retrieval of newer ones -retroactive interference: new memories interfere with the retrieval of older ones
38
What is motivated forgetting?
Forgetting due to a conscious or subconscious desire to suppress painful memories, such as traumatic experiences
39
What did Ebbinghaus do?
Demonstrated the forgetting curve, which shows that memory loss is most rapid right after learning and then slows down over time
40
What is autobiographical memory?
Type of memory recalling personal experiences and information about your own life. It contains episodic memory and semantic memory
41
What is episodic memory?
Personal experiences, like your graduation
42
What is semantic memory?
Facts about yourself, like knowing you have a dog
43
What are the two experiments associated with autobiographical memory?
-diary study (Linton, 1975): rehearsed and positive/unusual events remembered better -life narrative (glück and bluck, 2007): reminiscence bump where memories from ages 10-30 are overrepresented
44
What are flashbulb memories?
Vivid, emotional memories of significant events
45
What are the key studies for flashbulb memories?
-brown and kulick (1977) -schmolck et al., (2000)
46
What did brown and kulick say?
flashbulb memories have six key details that help people make them so vivid and distinct: -place -activity -source -ongoing affect -aftermath -personal experience
47
What did Schmolk et al., (2000) do?
-asked people about where they were and what happened when they heard about the OJ verdict -they asked people again over a prolonged time -many participants had high confidence, but poor accuracy -memory decay: emotional feeling solidifies memory in the short term, but details change -memory is reconstructive
48
What is directed forgetting?
Intentional memory suppression, where participants are told to forget certain information
49
What are the different methods to study directed forgetting?
-item method: participants asked to forget items after each individual item, leading to reduced recall for those items -list method: participants are told to forget things after the list, impairing recall for the entire list
50
What are the main theories explaining directed forgetting?
Retrieval inhibition and context shift
51
What is retrieval inhibition?
Unwanted memories are temporarily blocked from conscious recall, making them harder to access
52
What is context shift?
A mental separation is created between the information to forget and new material, making old memories harder to retrieve because mental cues have changed
53
What is a key study relating to directed forgetting, and what happened?
-Basden and Basden 1996 -conducted experiments using the item and list methods -recall was reduced for the items or lists that the participants had been instructed to forget -recognition was not affected (they could still recognise the words they forgot when they were shown them later)
54
Why is Basden and basden’s study important?
Shows that directed forgetting weakens recall through suppression of infect changes but doesn’t erase the memory entirely
55
What two things make up the visuospatial sketchpad?
-visual cache: stores shapes/colours -inner scribe: handles spatial relationships
56
What is a limitation of Atkinson’s and Shiffrin’s short term memory?
Too simplistic, doesn’t explain how we manipulate information
57
What demonstrates in favour of Atkinson and shiffrin’s model?
The serial position effect
58
What were the tasks for Atkinson and shiffrin’s multi-storey model done by Aben?
Forward digit span and word list recall
59
What were the tasks for working memory done by Aben?
Backward digit span and remembering words while doing maths problems
60
What did Freud say about repression?
Traumatic memories blocked unconsciously
61
What is an issue with Freud’s repression theory?
Hard to test scientifically, an alternative is retrieval suppression (Anderson and green 2001)
62
What is a critique of decay theory?
It doesn’t explain why some memories persists despite disuse
63
What would the conclusion be for “discuss the causes of forgetting in long term memory”?
-combined factors -interference and retrieval being the most empirically supported
64
What reduces primacy?
Longer lists
65
What would the concluding remark be for “what is the serial position effect and what does it reveal about memory systems?”
The serial position effect supports dual memory systems, with primacy reflecting long term memory encoding and recency reflecting short term memory retention
66
Who coined interference theory?
Underwood 1957
67
What did Tulving and Pearlstone do?
-cue-dependent forgetting -participants recalled more words when given category cues

Cognitive Psych (6 decks)

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