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Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during the dichotic listening task?

A

-two different messages are transmitted to the ears
-the participant is asked to shadow one of the messages whilst ignoring the other
-after an episode or trial, they can be asked questions about the unattended information

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2
Q

What is implicated in the dichotic listening task?

A

Information in the unattended message is processed only to a very shallow degree

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3
Q

Who did the dichotic listening task and when?

A

Cherry (1953)

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4
Q

Describe Broadbent’s filter model

A

-chunks of information are represented as balls
-attentional selection symbolised as a y-shaped tube through which information must pass
-information enters through sensory channels and is filtered as it proceeds
-the tube accepts only one ball at a time, with a hinged flap acting as a filter

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5
Q

When did Broadbent come up with the filter model?

A

1958

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6
Q

Who contradicted Broadbent and when?

A

Moray (1959)

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7
Q

What did Moray come up with?

A

The “Cocktail Party Phenomenon”

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8
Q

What was the Cocktail Party Phenomenon?

A

-participants were able to report if their name is presented on the unattended channel
-highly pertinent stimuli can capture one’s attention in a noisy environment

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9
Q

What did Treisman say in 1960?

A

-fragments from the unattended channel are occasionally reported if they are congruent with the context of the attended message
-implies that unattended information must have been processed to a certain extent

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10
Q

What is the model that Treisman came up with in 1960?

A

The attenuation model

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11
Q

What does the attenuation model convey?

A

-unattended information is not entirely blocked as Broadbent stated
-attention acts as a selective filter

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12
Q

Outline the attenuation model

A

-physical properties of sensory information are analysed
-knowledge about words in accessed
-entries in the mental lexicon are stored in terms of frequency of occurrence, relevance etc
-thresholds can be temporarily lowered by expectations
-if signal passes both filters, it means it is analysed

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13
Q

Describe the attentional bottleneck: “early selection” attention theories

A

Attentional bottleneck always (Broadbent) or typically (Treisman) occurs before the stage of pattern recognition

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14
Q

Describe unattended stimuli: “early selection” attention theories

A

Unattended stimuli can only be processed if attention is switch (Broadbent), or recognition threshold of information is low (Treisman)

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15
Q

Describe unattended information: “early selection” attention theories

A

Unattended information is usually not (Treisman) or never (Broadbent) processed to the level of meaning

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16
Q

What do late selection theories say?

A

-contrary claim: selection of information regarding conscious awareness occurs only after analysis of meaning
-contrary to theories so far, all sensorial information is always processed non-selectively and in parallel, up to the level of meaning

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17
Q

Where do late selection theories say output of sensorial processing is placed?

A

In short term memory

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18
Q

What does the quick loss of information from the short term memory act as?

A

An “attentional bottleneck”

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19
Q

What happens during subliminal perception?

A

Words that are briefly presented are semantically processed and might affect processing speed of subsequent, semantically related target words e.g. nurse and doctor

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20
Q

What happens during negative priming?

A

-a display with two dimensions is presented
-participants are instructed to attend to one dimension, and ignore the other
-e.g. Allport et al., 1985: name red picture, ignore green picture. Time is takes to name the target is measured with voice-activated trigger

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21
Q

What exactly is negative priming?

A

Ignoring a stimulus slows down subsequent redirecting of attention to that stimulus

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22
Q

What does negative priming suggest?

A

Ignored information is not simply discarded but is actively suppressed, that processing of non-attended information is deeper than assumed by early selection theories

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23
Q

What happened in the 1970s?

A

There was a shift of research perspective

24
Q

What were early theories of attention preoccupied with?

A

Attempts to locate the attentional bottleneck

25
Was an agreement reached on where the attentional bottleneck was?
No
26
What is the central assumption of the 1970s?
Performance in any non-trivial task is costly and requires mental effort
27
What is capacity theory?
The inability to perform two tasks at once is not the result of built-in attentional bottleneck, rather people have limited capacity pool of attention to carry out mental activities
28
What happens if an activity is easy?
Very little attentional capacity is used up
29
What happens if a capacity is difficult?
It uses up all or most of resources
30
What does available capacity depend on?
-task demands -arousal -individual differences -momentary intentions
31
What does allocation policy describe?
Individuals have substantial control over how they allocate their attention, by performance will decline if attentions, demand exceeds supply
32
Name one way of putting capacity theory to the test
The dual-task experiment
33
What is the dual-task experiment?
Individuals carry out two activities at once, and we measure the impact of one task on performance on the other. If the two activities share attentional capacity, then one task should affect the other
34
Outline what Johnston and Heinz did in 1978
-primary task: a light flashes repeatedly and at random intervals. Participants press a button as quickly as possible when they detect it -secondary task: at the same time, individuals shadow words simultaneously presented to both ears either by: simple repetition, according to physical category, according to semantic category
35
What other task did Johnston and Heinz (1978) do?
The single task condition- only the primary task is carried out
36
What should happen to dual-tasking if both tasks draw on a shared attentional pool of resources?
Dual-tasking should be slower than single-tasking. Known as the dual-task cost
37
What should happen to the secondary task if both tasks draw on a shared attentional pool of resources?
The difficulty of the second task should determine the size of the dual-task cost
38
What did Johnston and Heinz (1978) outline?
-selective attention requires capacity -early selection mode requires less capacity than late selection mode -attention comes at a cost
39
How did LeBerge (1983) test the zoom lens view?
Five letter words were presented and categorised, either regarding: -the central letter (“is it from the range A-G?”) -the word (is it a familiar name?” E.G., ALICE)
40
What were the findings from LeBerge (1983)?
The spotlight width in the letter tasks is one letter space, and the spotlight width in the word task is typically five spaces
41
Describe the task that Müller et al. (2003) conducted
Press one button if you detect the target (blue circle), press another button if not. Either one, two, or all four locations were cued
42
What was the spotlight explanation from Müller et al. (2003)?
A limited number of processing resources can either be focused in a small region, allowing fast and precise processing in this restricted region, or are distributed over a large region, allowing the processing of multiple stimuli at the cost of efficiency
43
What did Awh and Pashler (2000) question?
Is it possible to devote visual attention to two or more non-contagious locations?
44
What did Awh and Pashler (2000) conclude?
-it is possible for observers to achieve multiple foci of attention in the visual field -they observed a bimodal distribution of processing quality, in which accuracy was highest at two non-contagious locations and markedly lower in between these locations
45
What is feature integration theory?
There are two processing stages: -visual features are processes rapidly and pre-attentively in parallel -features are integrated in a slower, serial process with focused attention
46
What is perceptual load theory by Lavie (2005, 2010)?
-perception has limited capacity -all stimuli are automatically processed, until it runs out of capacity -the degree of perceptual load determines the extent of attentional filtering
47
What does it mean if congruency of distractor letter matters?
It must have been processed
48
Describe perceptual load theory
-under low perceptual load, distractor letter is processed -under high perceptual load, it is filtered out -according to perceptual load theory, high perceptual load uses up more capacity, so less available for distractor processing -attentional filtering depends on characteristics of the perceptual display
49
Describe automaticity
-complex activities are initially intensely attention-demanding -with increasing skill, performance acquires more automatic processing mode -shift from attention-demanding to automatic mode of processing occurs through practice
50
If something is automatic, what does that mean?
-the process occurs without intention, without conscious decision -not open to conscious awareness or introspection -consumes few if any conscious resources -operates very rapidly
51
If something is conscious, what does that mean?
-the process occurs with intention and deliberate decision -is open to awareness and introspection -uses conscious resources -is slow
52
Who created the stroop task?
John Ridley Stroop
53
What is the stroop test?
-a situation in which individuals find it difficult to ignore one dimension when responding to the other -incomparable information creates conflict -conflict resolution requires effort and takes time, and leads to potential errors
54
Describe the nature of the to be ignored dimension
-highly practised and over learned -unintentionally and automatically processed to high level without demanding mental capacities
55
Describe the nature of the target dimension
Less automatic and requires more effort
56
What did Posner 1980 say about attention and spotlights?
Attention is like a spotlight that illuminates one region of space. Processing is faster and more accurate with the beam
58
What did Schneider and Shiffrin do?
Demonstrated that consistent mapping (when targets and distractors don’t overlap) leads to automaticity, while varied mapping (changing targets/distractors) keeps tasks attention demanding AS TASKS BECIME AUTOMATIC, LESS ATTENTION IS NEEDED, FREEING RESOURCES FOR OTHER TASKS- CRUCIAL FOR MULTITASKING

Cognitive Psych (6 decks)

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