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Cognitive Psych > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do cones dominate?

A

In central vision

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2
Q

Where do rods dominate?

A

In periphery

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3
Q

Do cones have better or worse acuity?

A

Better acuity

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4
Q

What are cones used for?

A

Colour

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5
Q

Do rods have better or worse acuity?

A

Worse acuity

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6
Q

What are rods used for?

A

Monochrome

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7
Q

When are cones good?

A

In daylight

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8
Q

When are rods good?

A

Night

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9
Q

What is phototransduction?

A

The process by which a photon of light is changed to an electrical signal

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10
Q

Where does phototransduction occur?

A

In the photoreceptors

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11
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors?

A

Cones and rods

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12
Q

What do photoreceptors contain?

A

Photopigments

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13
Q

What is the name of the photopigments in photoreceptors?

A

Rhodopsins

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14
Q

What do photopigments release when struck by light?

A

Energy

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15
Q

What happens when photopigments release energy?

A

Causes a change in membrane potential

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16
Q

Where do photoreceptors transmit to?

A

Bipolar cells

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17
Q

Where do bipolar cells transmit to?

A

Retinal ganglion cells

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18
Q

What forms the optic nerve?

A

Retinal ganglion cell axons

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19
Q

What are retinal ganglion cells?

A

Edge detectors

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20
Q

What are the two main types of retinal ganglion cells?

A

Parvocellular and Magnocellular

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21
Q

Which retinal ganglion cell is mainly to do with spatial acuity?

A

Parvocellular

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22
Q

What retinal ganglion cell is to do with movement?

A

Magnocellular

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23
Q

What retinal ganglion cell is mainly foveal?

A

Parvocellular

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24
Q

Which retinal ganglion cell is throughout the retina?

A

Magnocellular

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25
Are cell bodies larger or smaller in Parvocellular?
Smaller
26
Are cell bodies larger or smaller in Magnocellular?
Larger
27
Are receptive fields larger or smaller in Parvocellular?
Smaller
28
Are receptive fields larger or smaller in Magnocellular?
Larger
29
Are Parvocellular colour sensitive?
Yes
30
Are Magnocellular colour sensitive?
No
31
What response do Parvocellular give?
Sustained
32
What response do Magnocellular give?
Transient
33
What are edges?
Areas of change
34
What is light part of?
The electromagnetic spectrum
35
What is electromagnetic radiation?
The name given to fluctuations in electromagnetic fields
36
What is colour?
A sensation produced by visible electromagnetic radiation (light) that stimulates receptors in eyes
37
Does light come in similar wavelengths?
No, light comes in different wavelengths
38
What are the different wavelengths that light comes in associated with?
Various colours
39
Is perceived colour determined by wavelength?
No
40
What wavelength and frequency is associated with ‘blue’?
Short wavelength, high frequency
41
What wavelength and frequency are associated with ‘red’?
Long wavelength, low frequency
42
What are the two main theories of colour vision known as?
Trichromatic theory and colour opponent theory
43
What is trichromatic theory?
The trichromatic theory says we see color using three types of cone cells, each sensitive to a different range of light wavelengths: Short wavelengths (S-cones) = Blue (~420 nm) Medium wavelengths (M-cones) = Green (~530 nm) Long wavelengths (L-cones) = Red (~560 nm) Our brain combines input from these cones to perceive the full range of colors.
44
Trichromatic theory: what did Thomas Young propose?
That there were three receptor mechanisms with different spectral sensitivity. Colour is given by the pattern of responses across three detectors
45
What does trichromacy fail to account for?
Colour after effects and colour blindness
46
What is opponent process theory?
Suggests the way human perceive colours is controlled by three opposing systems: black/yellow, red/green, black/white
47
Which theory is correct?
Initial retinal processing is trichromatic and later processing is colour-opponent. Both are correct
48
What stage does trichromatic theory describe?
Colour processing at the level of our photoreceptors
49
What stage does opponent colour theory describe?
Processing at the level of retinal ganglion cells and beyond
50
What are the two colour pathways?
-red/green (the new pathway) -blue/yellow (the old pathway)
51
What type of retinal ganglion cells are in the new pathway?
Midget retinal ganglion cells
52
What kind of pathway is the new pathway?
Parvocellular/P pathway
53
What opponency does the new pathway have?
Red/green opponency
54
What other opponency does the new pathway have?
Chromatic and spatial
55
What type of retinal ganglion cells are in the old pathway?
Bistratified retinal ganglion cells
56
What pathway does the old pathway have?
Koniocellular/k pathway
57
What opponency does the old pathway have?
Blue/yellow
58
Is it possible to see colour with two cones?
Yes. Dichromats see fewer colours than trichromats
59
What is univariance?
An infinite set of different wavelength-intensity combinations can elicit the same response from a single type of photoreceptor
60
What does opponency reduce?
Redundancy
61
In higher visual processing, what is there good evidence of?
Higher visual processing centres specialised in colour
62
In higher visual processing, what is there good evidence of?
Higher visual processing centres specialised in colour
63
What is cerebral achromatopsia?
Loss of ability to see colour, often due to neurological damage
64
With cerebral achromatopsia, is there damage to cones in the retina?
No
65
With cerebral achromatopsia, is there damage to the cortex?
Yes
66
What does low level vision describe?
Local spatial, temporal and chromatic structure
67
What does mid level vision describe?
Experience of shape, material properties, perceptual organisation
68
What does high level vision describe?
Semantic interpretation
69
What does colour constancy say?
Colour is not just a wavelength
70
How does colour constancy show that colour is not just based on wavelength?
The moving through different lighting conditions and the fact perceived colours do not change
71
What does colour constancy tell us? (perception of colour and LGN)
-Perception of colour is a result of an attempt to recover reflectance -Colour is not just determined by outputs of cells in LGN- not just wavelength response
72
Why do we have colour constancy?
Identify materials, identify objects, judge edibility
73
What do we use colour for?
-to make inferences about material -to clearly make assumptions about lighting -to identify shapes, material, lighting, texture etc

Cognitive Psych (6 decks)

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