Week 5 Flashcards
What does retrieval do to long term memory?
Improves it
What is the testing effect?
Taking practice tests helps you remember information better then just rereading or other study methods. Research shows that testing yourself on what you’ve learned improves learning and memory for a final test
Who said this?
Roediger and Karpicke 2006
Who else carried out an experiment that consolidated practice testing to be better for revision?
Butler 2010
Who else produced results that testing effects across studies were robust?
Adesope et al. 2017
Does asking questions before learning improves memory?
Yes
How do we know that asking questions before learning improves memory?
Toftness, carpenter, Lauber and Mickes in 2018 carried out a study that confirmed this
What are three types of autobiographical memory?
-episodic
-semantic
-procedural
What is the diary study?
In 1975, Linton wrote everything in her diary for 5 plus years and randomly tested herself on 2 events per day. The items tested 4x or more showed a less likelihood of being forgotten
What are flashbulb memories?
Vivid, detailed memories of surprising or emotional events, like remembering exactly where you were when you heard big news. They are very clear, but not always accurate
To qualify for being flashbulb memories, what do the events need to be?
Significant and consequential
What did Brown and Kulik (1971) to research flashbulb memories?
They gave a list of famous people, their race, how they died, the date that they died, and the place. People then were tested to see if they remembered who died, their race, when, how, and where
What are the key canonical categories of flashbulb memories?
-place
-ongoing activities
-informant
-own affect
-other affect
-aftermath
What are the three key features of flashbulb memories?
-part of a different memory system
-extremely accurate
-persisted over time
Who researched flashbulb memories in relation to the OJ Simpson verdict?
Schmolck, Buffalo and Squire (2000)
What was the method of this experiment?
Participants were asked questions about the verdict very close to the actual date. Participants in group 1 were then asked 15 months after, and then group 2 participants were asked after 32 months
What was the outcome?
Many of the flashbulb memories were not perfectly preserved, but there were still many high confidence responses
What did Conway and pleydell-Pearce in 2000 create?
The hierarchical model of lifetime pattern
What does the hierarchical model include?
-Event specific memories
-general events
-lifetime periods
-working self
What does the lifetime pattern graph say?
As age at encoding increases, so does number of memories recalled. However, there is a reminiscence pump at around 18 and 25 years old, with a period of forgetting at around 35 and 48
Why do reminiscence bumps happen at those ages?
-life narrative
-positive
-emotionally charged points
Who did an experiment on life narrative?
Glück and Bluck (2007)
What was the method?
-participants ages 50-90 years old
-list 15 events
-date them
-rate with respect to valence, perceived control etc
What were the results?
Most of the participants remembered events at ages 21-25 and 26-30 and the positive life events also happened at ages 21-30 most. The control led to development mostly at ages 21-30
