Memory 2

Question 1

Working Memory

Answer 1

Acoustically Stored, Limited Capacity, Fragile (easily distracted)

Question 2

Brown & Peterson (Retention in working memory)

Answer 2

• Material held in memory for less then a minute is frequently forgotten, if not rehearsed

Question 3

Interference

Answer 3

Retro Active
- After learning but before recall (New information coming in)
Pro active
- Occurs before learning (influence of prior knowledge, etc)

Question 4

Recall Effects

Answer 4

1. Serial Position Effect:
   - Position of learning effects recall.
   (Best at beginning (primacy), bad in middle, Best at end (recency) )
2. Semantic Similarity
   - Meaning of words have effect on working memory span

Question 6

Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory

Answer 6

1. Visuospatial sketchpad
   - Stores visual images and spatial information
2. Phonological Loop
   - Phonological store: auditory memory (decay 2s) can hold limited number of sounds
   - Articulatory rehearsal loop: retention of sequential information (subvocalization)
   -> Used as a gateway to long term memory (counting, reading, learning, etc)
3. Episodic Buffer
   - temporary storehouse to combine information from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and
   long-term memory
   - integrates information from different modalities
   - Limited capacity
   - temporary
4. Central Executive
   - Integrates information from the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, the episodic buffer and from long-term memory
   - plans and coordinates, but does not store information
5. Slave Systems
   - Long Term memory and other tasks

Question 7

Explicit Vs Implicit Memory

Answer 7

Implicit: Unconsciously and effortlessly stored
Explicit: Consciously work to remember
1. Episodic Memory
- Memories of personal events
2. Semantic Memory
- Organised knowledge about the world

Question 8

Encoding VS Retrieval

Answer 8

Writing Information VS Retrieving/Getting information

Question 9

Information in Semantic Memory Stages

Answer 9

3-6 years, big loss of information
6-30 years, no further loss
30-35 years, some smaller further loss

-> memory not actively used, information decays
- however, some part still remains intact for long periods

Question 10

Levels Of Processing Model

Answer 10

Deeper processing = Deeper Recall
1. Physical - shallow
(amount of letters in word)
2. Phonological
(Does it rhyme, etc)
3. Semantic
(Connotation of word)
4. Self Reference - deepest
(Does it connect/describe you?)

Distinctiveness: Better recall, Less interference from others
Elaboration: Process more aspects, relating stimuli to other memory/stimuli. Better Recall.

Question 11

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 11

Recall is better if retrieval context is similar to encoding context

Question 12

Autobiographical Memory

Answer 12

Memory for events and issues related to self.
- Often accurate
- Errors are often peripheral
- Memory is constructed of many aspects

-> Consistency Bias
- Exaggerate the consistency between past feeling and beliefs to current viewpoint.

Question 13

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 13

Memory of very important, surprising, dramatic, emotional events.
- Emotion makes it better encoded and recalled

Question 14

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 14

Amnesia BUT
- long term memories are intact
- impaired recent memory call
- inability to form new memories or retain new information after amnesia onset

Question 15

Measuring Memory

Answer 15

Explicit:
1. Serial Recall (exact order)
2. Free Recall (any order)
3. Cued - Recall (list of paird items)

Implicit
1. Fill in the blank (implicit recognition)
2. Repetition Priming (list X things)
Recognition (was the item in list?)