PerceptionAttention, 1

Question 1

Information Processing Model (Atkinson and Shiffrin)

Answer 1

Stimuli –> Sensory Storage –> Short Term Memory <—-> Long term Memory
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Question 2

Modularity Of Mind (Fodor)

Answer 2

• Mind is composed of functionally independent modules, each responsible for its own task
• Operate independently
• Criticism: Dissociation of functions is not always clear

Question 3

Theories of Object Recognition, 2D

Answer 3

1. Template Matching Theory
   - Compare stimuli to template until match is found
   - Criticism: Inflexible, only works for isolated letters,numbers,objects,etc
2. Feature - Analysis Detection Theory
   - Based on distinctive features
   - If two objects share many similar features, the time it takes to decide is long
   - Criticism: Doesn’t account for relation of features, or recognition of more complex features
   eg) PANDEMONIUM MODEL
   -> Model of pattern recognition
   - Demons : specilaised units repsonsible for detecting specific features in stimuli
   - Pandemonium: Assembly of all demons in system, each demon influence recognition process
   Stimuli –> 1. Image Demon 2. Feature Demons 3. Cognitive Demons 4. Decision Demon
   - Bottom Up Model (Allow stimuli to shape perception, without pre ideas)

Question 4

Theories of Object Recognition, 3D

Answer 4

1. Recognition by components
   - Theory regarding geons (simple 3d geometric objects)
   a) Invariance:
   - Geons can be recognised from different perspectives
   b) Discriminability:
   - Geons are distinguishable when compared, can be identified quickly and correctly
   c) Resistance to noise:
   - Geons can be recognised even when obscured

Question 4

Top down effects in letter recognition

Answer 4

• Letter identity is context dependent
• Degraded letter correlation (when letters aren’t given fully, missing parts)
• Strong when stimuli is incomplete or ambiguous, or only registered in short times.

Question 5

Computational Approach to vision

Answer 5

First stage(Raw Primal Sketch): Detection of basic features
Second stage(2 1/2D Sketch): Detected features are grouped together to form coherent structures. Includes relational features.
Third stage(3D sketch): Grouped features processed to generate 3D representation

Question 6

Feature Integration Theory (Visual Perception)

Answer 6

Distributed attention: Features are identified automatically, and in parallel
Focused attention: Effortful detection of features, slow processing

Illusory Conjunctions: When features of different objects are incorrectly combined in our perception

Question 7

Face perception

Answer 7

Face perception differs from object perception, primarily due to its holistic and gestalt nature. (Perception as whole, not individual components)

• Neuroscientific Evidence:
  
  1. Prosopagnosia (Face Blindness):
     
     • inability to recognize faces, even those of close friends or family members.
  2. Visual Agnosia (Object Blindness):
     
     • difficulty recognizing and identifying objects despite intact visual perception.

Research indicates that the upper part of the face, particularly the eyes and eyebrows, is critical for facial recognition.

Question 8

Controlled VS Automatic Processes

Answer 8

Controlled:
- Require intentional effort, fully consciously aware, consume resources, relatively slow
Automatic:
- Little or no attention of effort, subconscious, preformed by parallel processing, fast

Question 9

Stroop Task/Effect

Answer 9

Psychological difficulty in selectively attending to the color of the ink while ignoring the word that is printed with that ink color.
Reading is an automatic process that cannot be easily suppressed.
OR
Conflict between two automatic processes

Question 10

Selective VS Divided Attention

Answer 10

Selective:
- Respond to certain kinds of information, whilst ignoring others
eg) Cocktail Party Problem (the attentional filter)
Divided:
- Split attention between different sources

Question 11

Filter Theory (Broadbent) - Attention Theories

Answer 11

Input (Attended and Unattended message) -> Sensory Store -> Selective Filter (based on physical properties, such as pitch or loudness, blocks unattended message)-> Higher level processing -> Working Memory

Question 12

Attenuation Model - Attention Theories

Answer 12

Input (Attended and Unattended message) -> Sensory Store -> Attenuating Filter(Outputs Attended message, and attenuated message)-> Bottleneck -> Hierachy of Analysers -> Working Memory

Question 13

Late Selection Model - Attention Theories

Answer 13

Attentional filters based on physical features, but for the rest, all
information is passed towards working memory and passed to a semantic
filter

Problem: it suggests almost all information is processed deeply by the
brain

Question 14

Attentional-Resource Theories

Answer 14

attention as a limited resource allocated among cognitive tasks.