Memory AO1 Flashcards
Multi-store model, who proposed it?
What are the sections?
What are the three ways info gets lost?
Proposed by Attkinson and Shiffrin – Sensory memory – Short-term memory – Long-term memory– Decay if info not rehearsed after 18 seconds (stm), Displacement of info being learned above 7+-2 – retrieval failure from LTM if absence of retrieval cues – first attempt at creating a theoretical model of memory – linear process
WMM - how is it designed? When was the EB added?
Visuo-spatial sketchpad – viso cache, inner scribe -info from eyes and LTM – limited capacity of 3-4 objects
Phonological loop – phono store (coded acoustically), articularly control process (rehearsal)
Baddeley added Episodic buffer (2000) – general store of visual and acoustic info, binds subsystems together for LTM
Types of LTM - define Tulvings…
Procedural memory – Non-declarative
Episodic memory – Declarative, time stamped
Semantic memory – Declarative, not time stamped
Retrieval failure - What is the key word for Cues…
Encoding specificity principle – forgetting occurs if cues at retrieval and learning are different or absent, a cue being a memory trigger
Context, state
Interference theory - Who proposed this?
Difference betweeen new and old?
McGeoch and McDonald – researched retroactive interference (new learning impacts recall of old learning – overwride, when similar_
Proactive – old learning impacts new learning
Anxiety and its influence - Anxiety increases and decreases accuracy… how?
Tell me about T
Tell me about YD
Psychologists disagree with how Anxiety influences EWT, some say it increases accuracy others say it decreases
Decreases: Tunnel theory (tunnel focus) main events are narrowed down to, leads to weapon focus effect – reduces accuracy of other events that occurred – anxiety -> physiological arousal so no attention to important cues
Increases: Yerkes Dodson law – performance ^ with arousal, till optimal point then falls
Misleading information - There are two subdivisions… what are they?
What are the two explanations associated with LQ
What about PD?
Misleading information
Two subdivisions – Leading Questions, Post- Event Discussion
Leading Questions – Phrased suggests answer – response bias explanation (influences choice of answer), Substitution explanation (actually distorts answer)
Post-event discussion – Memory contamination (adds to their info, actually changes answer), Memory conformity (go along for social approval)
Cognitive interview
What are the 4 processes?
What was praised?
Reinstate the context – encourage imagination of the crime scene and associations
Report everything – everything even irrelevant
Reverse the order – prevents people reporting expectations
Changing the perspective – disrupts effect of expectation/schema on recall
Enhanced Cognitive Interview – Witness motivation and emotion impacts quality of interview – including how they view its ‘appropriateness’ – widely praised
Capacity of STM and Sensory register
Who proposed Sensory Register?
Who rpoposed capacity of STM?
What was the sample?
What was the procedur?
What were the findings?
Sensory register:
Sperling (1960) -
Sensory register (spurling study) duration is 1-2 seconds.
Capacity is limitless
Modern research has shown it is mainly less than 1/2 a second
* Participants shown a matrix of 9 letters for 1/20th of a second
* Participants then asked to recall based on hearing a high, medium, or low tone
Capacity of STM:
Jacobs (1887) used a sample of 443 female students (aged from 8-19) from the North London Collegiate School. Participants had to repeat back a string of numbers or letters in the same order and the number of digits/letters was gradually increased, until the participants could no longer recall the sequence.
– Jacobs (digit span) for letters mean span was 7.3 and 9.3 for numbers.
Duration of STM and LTM
Who investigated the duration of STM?
Procedure?
Findings?
Who investigated duration of LTM?
Procedure?
Capacity, findings?
Duration of STM: Peterson and Peterson (1959): - duration of STM = 18 seconds
- studied the duration of the short-term memory 24pupils were tested each with 8 trials
All were given a consonant syllable to remember Student had to count back from 3 digit number, in order to prevent mental rehearsal of consonant syllable Each trial stopped after varying time limits, going up by 3 seconds each time (3-18) After 3 seconds avg. recall was 80%
After 18 seconds recall was around 3% - suggest short term memory duration is 18 seconds, without rehearsal
Bahrick (1975)
- The LTM fades over time, with some material lasting a lifetime
- Photo recognition tests produce greater accuracy of high-school year book names than free recall tests
- The capacity is limitless
Coding of STM/LTM and define Capacity, Coding and Duration
Who investigated coding of STM and LTM?
Procedure?
Define capacity, coding, duration
Coding of STM/LTM:
Baddeley (1966) - We code acoustically in the STM - We code semantically in the LTM
Had 4 groups and lists of words 1 list was acoustically similar 2 list was acoustically dissimilar 3 list was semantically similar 4 list was semantically dissimilar Baddeley found that entirely dissimilar words were more easily recalled and remembered
Capacity - volume of information that can be stored in a memory store
Coding - the format in which the memory is stored (acoustic, visual, semantic)
Duration - how long information can be stored in a memory store for
