Social Influence AO1 Flashcards
(12 cards)
Who proposed types of conformity, define types of conformity
Kelman – Compliance (agree publicly not privately), Identification (temporary, adopt belief to be accepted), Internalisation (deepest, fully accept views).
Who proposed explanations of conformity? Define explanations of conformity
Deutsch and Gerrard two-step model – Informational, ambiguous situation – Normative, unambiguous situation
Results of Asch’s control study?
Procedure of Asch’s study and sample info?
How many conformed?
What are the three influences on conformity?
Tips for stats: + 3 conf, fell from ** to *.5
In Asch’s control study only 1% responses incorrect. Participants/confederates presented w/ 4 lines, 3 comparison and one stimulus (or standard). 123 American ppts, underwent 18 trials in groups 6-8, in 12 trials confederates gave wrong answers with Naïve ppts always penultimate to give an answer. 32% didn’t conform at all, 75% conformed at least once, interviews suggest normative social influence.
3 influences on conformity: group size (any more than 3 confederates, conformity rose by 30%), unanimity (when joined by another ppt that gave correct answer conformity fell from 32%-5.5%) and task difficulty (Asch altered comparison lines making it harder = more conformity).
Sample info for Zimbardo’s research?
Procedure of research?
Results of research?
Different types of guard characteristics?
1st day impact?
2nd day impact?
Which prisoner suffered the most?
There were 24 participants, 18 underwent research. All m/c male college-educated US, two week long simulation (flick of the coin). Guards = do whats necessary without violence, Zimbardo Superintendent. 2nd day deindividuation occurred (behaviour reflected assigned roles) due to realistic arrestment, metal barring. Guards = 3 groups: tough but fair, good guys, sadistic and cruel (verbal abuse, prisoners called by numbers).
Impacts: 1st day prisoners rebelled, ripped off numbers. 2nd day more subservient, anxious. Prisoner #8612 suffered acute emotional disturbance. Experiment ended after 6 days. Assessed impact of social roles on behaviour.
Sample info for Milgram’s baseline study?
Difference between Learner, Teacher, Experimenter?
Findings?
How many obeyed to full voltage?
What was the full voltage?
How mant stopped before ‘demanded to leave’?
Give two examples of experimenter prods?
Milgram’s baseline study – 40 american men sampled from newspaper ad, told experiment was about memory. Mr Wallace (stooge and the Learner) though ppt didn’t know this), an experimenter and the teacher (always the naïve ppt, though they thought their position was randomly selected).
Found that 5/40 ppts stopped before 300v, 65% obeyed fully and gave maximum voltage 450V. Voltage increased by 15 with each memory mistake, at 180V learner = weak heart, 300V demanded to leave, 315V = silence. If teacher tried to stop, experimenter gave prods like, ‘please continue’, ‘no other choice, go on’ – experiment stopped after 4V
Migram’s situational variables for obedience
What were the findings of the Bridgeport variation?
What were the two findings for t-l proximity?
What was the obedience % when experimenter was on phone?
What happened to obedience when public became experimenter, with no uniform?
What were the 4 situational variables and why did they influence obedience?
Milgram’s situational variables for obedience: Location (Bridgeport saw obedience fall from 65% to 47.5%), proximity of teacher to learner (seated same room obedience fell to 40%, same room and force learner hand onto shock plate obedience fell to 30%), proximity of teacher to experimenter (spoke over phone, obedience fell to 20.5%), uniform (member of public w/out uniform = experimenter = obedience fell to 20%).
Location – baseline = Yale gave study legitimacy and authority
Prox of teacher to learner = Lack of psychological distancing
Prox of teacher to experimenter = lack of legitimacy
Uniform – symbol of authority and legitimacy
Define agentic state vs Autonomous state
What definition suggests fear influences obedience?
Define agentic shift
Who proposed this?
Social-psychological explanation of obedience
Agentic state – ‘agent carrying out wishes of others’ vs Autonomous (personal-responsibility)
Legitimacy of authority – ‘person whose rule over us we accept’
Agentic shift – shift between agentic and autonomous if presence of legitimate authority
Binding factors (e.g., fear) make people remain in agentic state and so remain obedient
Who proposed Authoritarian explanation for obedience?
Define dispostional explanation
What is the authoritarian personality, w characteristics?
What causes this personality?
What is the F-Scale
Adorno’s dispositional explanation for Obedience (inherent quality of mind influencing behaviour). Authoritarian personality – dispositional personality associated w obedience and destructive obedience, higher chances of prejudice against minority groups. = High on F-scale.
Caused by Harsh parenting in childhood, e.g., conditional love, and severe criticisms for failings.
Explanations of resistance
Who proposed locus of control theory
Differentiate between internal and external LOCs
How does social support work?
Locus of control, Rotter. Internal = resist conformity and obedience, external = luck. Reality = continuum.
Social support = resisters become models, having ally builds confidence reducing legitimacy of authority figure = social support = withstand binding factors, and avoid normative social influence
How does Minority influence change views of the majority?
What are the three processes that influence minority influence persuasion?
Define Diachronic C and Synchronic C
Define Augmentation Principle
Minority influence aims to change views of majority through conversion – the more people converting = faster rate of conversion (a snowball effect). Minority influence often leads to internalisation.
Flexibility – balance between consistency and flexibility
Consistency – diachronic (repetition of phrase/words over time), synchronic (minority say same thing)
Commitment – self sacrifice leads to augmentation principle (majority see commitment as sign of true belief so more seriousness).
What are the 6 minority influence processes that can lead to social change?
What is the name for Campaigns that lead to social change?
Role of social influence in social change:
Minority influence – most social change occurs here – Drawing attention, consistency, deeper processing, augmentation principle, snowball effect, social cryptomnesia
Conformity – NSI – Social norm intervention campaigns, e.g., Green Peace.
