Psychopathology AO1 Flashcards
(10 cards)
Define:
Statistical infrequency
Deviation from ideal mental health
Deviation from social norms
Failure to function adequately
(in essay 16, could ask about 2, define - express - evaluate twice, then do again)
Statistical infrequency – rare, very few: some behaviours advantageous, subjective criteria (at what point does sleep become abnormal)
Deviation from Ideal Mental Health – positive attitude to self, resistance to stress, accurate perception of reality: comprehensive definition, unrealistic criteria
Deviation from social norms – unstated rules, ‘ought’: susceptible to abuse, cultural relativism
Failure to function adequately – ability to go about daily life, is no and distress: discrimination and social control, represents threshold for help
3 characteristics for OCD:
Cognitive -
Behavioural -
Emotional
Cognitive – obsessive thoughts, cognitive coping strategies (compulsions), realisation of irrationality
Behavioural – repetition, avoidance, compulsions
Emotional – anxiety, fear, distress
Tell me about Neural explanation for OCD… What did Lewis find? What does Aetiologically heterogenous mean? Who demonstrates this?
Neural explanation… define dopamine and serotonin. Why do these cause emotional characteristics?
Neural and biological explanations
Biological: OCD is hereditary, Lewis (1936) – 37% parents, 21% siblings leading to diathesis stress model (interaction environment and biology) – OCD is aetiologically heterogenous, different groups of genes cause OCD in different people, different types of genes are caused by different genetic variations (e.g., hoarding disorder)
Neural: role of neurotransmitters, dopamine (motivation, satisfaction) and serotonin (mood). OCD, lower levels of these as less crossing synapse, due to abnormal reabsorption rate of the neurotransmitter… leading to emotional characteristics, then cognitive coping strategies that provide stress, resulting in obsessive thoughts that further fuel anxiety (loop)
Tell me about how to treat OCD… What does SSRI mean? What example begins with F> How does this work?
Whats a replacement for SSRIs? Whats an example of this beginning with C?
CBT as well? Who argued this, beginning with S?
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors – Fluoxetine, stops serotonin from being reabsorbed by Axon, so forced to synapse into the dendrite + the increased serotonin helps OCD
+ likewise Clomipram (tricyclics) – works, but as last resort – similar to SSRIs but nasty side-effects
- Skapinakis found that CBT may be more effective, other researchers arguing an interaction between the two
Tell me about characteristics for Phobias…
Cognitive?
behavioural?
Emotional?
Cognitive – Selective attention, irrational beliefs, cognitive disorders, awareness of irrationality
Behavioural – Avoidance, Panic (screaming, crying), Freeze
Emotional – fear, anxiety (extreme)
What model explains Phobias? Who proposed this model?
Who designed Lil albert?
In Two Process Model , Mowrer suggests that phobias are acquired as a result of classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning (negative reinforcement) – Use a classical conditioning example, then a negative reinforcement example, and lil albert (Rayner, Watson) as an evaluation.
Treatments to Phobias - what key words are in Systematic Desensitisation?
What about Flooding?
Systematic desensitation – gradual exposure while relaxation techniques, draw up anxiety hierarchy, overtime through reciprocal inhibition patient learns to associate phobic stimulus w/relaxation not fear.
Flooding – immediate/intense, top of hierarchy, patients fear response declines through extinction (learn nothing bad happens so less fear)
What characteristics are there for Depression?
Cognitive?
Behavioural?
Emotional?
Cognitive – diminished concentration, distorted thinking patterns, impaired memory
Behavioural – sleep disturbances, loss of energy, changes in appetite
Emotional – depressed mood, Anhedonia, feelings of worthlessness
What two cognitive theories are there?
What three does B suggest?
What does Ellis suggest? whats an example of B?
Cognitive theories, the way in which people view (attitude) and recall events defines likelihood of depression.
Beck proposed a three part theory: negative self schema, faulty information processing or cognitive biases, negative triad: Negative view of world, self and future.
Ellis proposed ABC explanation: Activating Event, Belief (Musturbation), Consequence
Treatment of Depression
Details of Becks?
Details of Ellis? What types of A?
CBT one of most common treatments –
Therapy based on Beck – Negative triad needs to be Identified, challenged. The reality of these beliefs has to be tested, with client as scientist, providing evidence for future reference.
Therapy passed on Ellis – ABCDE model (D- Dispute, E- Effect). This involves, Rigorous Argument: Empirical Argument to see if any evidence to support irrational beliefs, Logical Argument to see if negative thought logically follows from event.
