Memory & Learning

Question 1

what factors help with retaining information into long term memory?

Answer 1

• rehearsal
• emotional salience
• levels of encoding (elaboration, state dependent learning, environmental dependent learning)

Question 2

what are the common terms for declarative memory?

Answer 2

• who, what, when, where
• conscious
• visual
• verbal
• explicit
• autobiographical
• episodic
• semantic
• prospective

Question 3

what are the common terms for nondeclarative memory?

Answer 3

• classical conditioning
• how
• motor
• automatic
• subconscious
• perceptual
• habit
• procedural

Question 4

what are the characteristics of episodic memory?

Answer 4

• truly autobiographical (memories of your life)

- autobiographically bound (where you learned it, when you learned it, or retrieval of the learning event)

Question 5

what are the characteristics of semantic memory?

Answer 5

• facts
• language concept area
• not time dependent
• no idea where/when it was learned

Question 6

what are the types of explicit memory?

Answer 6

• verbal-visual
• intentional-accidental
• recent-remote

Question 7

what are the characteristics of implicit memory?

Answer 7

• memory of skills and procedures
• origins of learning often lost
• often preserved in disease due to more distributed nature of neuroanatomy

Question 8

what is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 8

• inability to learn new information
• most common memory impairment
• HM is a popular patient with anterograde amnesia

Question 9

what is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 9

• a loss of memory for events prior to injury
• temporally graded (tend to remember info more remotely in your past better than more recent info)
• rarely spans years
• very rare to have retrograde amnesia without anterograde amnesia

Question 10

what is the primacy effect?

Answer 10

things that come at the beginning of something tend to be remembered better

Question 11

what is the recency effect?

Answer 11

things at the end of something are better remembered

Question 12

what are the characteristics of bilateral mesial temporal lobe dysfunction?

Answer 12

• early dementia due to Alzheimer’s diseases
• poor encoding, severe delayed recall, mildly impaired recognition
• deficits in consolidation with rapid forgetting

Question 13

what are the characteristics of prefrontal cortex and subcortical damage?

Answer 13

• variable encoding, variable recall, good recognition
• no forgetting
• semantically organized material is better recalled
• inefficient encoding, intact consolidation; retrieval deficit

Question 14

which aspects of memory are found in the left hemisphere?

Answer 14

• verbal memory
• more involved in encoding and less so in retrieval (prefrontal cortex)
• semantic memory

Question 15

which aspects of memory are found in the right hemisphere?

Answer 15

• visual memory
• involved in retrieval (prefrontal cortex, insula, and parietal)
• autobiographical memory

Question 16

what is spaced-retrieval?

Answer 16

• cognitive rehabilitation strategy

- information is practiced after increasing amounts of time