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Biochemistry FA > Metabolism, Enzymes > Flashcards

Metabolism, Enzymes Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

Metabolism in Mitochondria

A
  1. Fatty acid oxidation (β-oxidation)
  2. Acetyl-CoA production
  3. TCA
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
  5. ketogenesis
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2
Q

Cytoplasm metalbolism

A
  1. Protein synthesis (RER)
  2. Glycolysis
  3. Fatty acid synthesis
  4. Steroid synthesis (SER)
  5. Cholesterol synthesis
  6. HMP shunt
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3
Q

Metabolism in both cytoplasm and mitochondria

A
  1. Urea cycle
  2. Heme synthesis
  3. Gluconeogenesis
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4
Q

Kinases

A

Enzyme that uses ATP to add high energy phosphate group onto substrate

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5
Q

Phosphorylase

A

Enzyme that adds inorganic phosphate onto substrate without ATP

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5
Q

Dehydrogenase

A

Catalyzes oxidation-reduction reactions (pyruvate dehydrogenase)

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6
Q

Phosphatese

A

Enzyme that removes phosphate group from substrate

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7
Q

Hydroxylase

A

Adds hydroxyl group (-OH) onto substrate

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9
Q

Carboxylase

A

Transfer CO2 groups with the help of biotin

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9
Q

Site of HMP shunt

A

Cytoplasma

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10
Q

Mutase

A

Relocates a functional group within a molecule (vit b12 dependent methylmalonyl coa mutase)

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11
Q

Site of heme synthesis

A

Both cytoplasm and mitochondria

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12
Q

Acetyl coa production site

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

Urea cycle site

A

Both cytoplasm and mitochondria

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14
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Both mitochondria and cytoplasm

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15
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of glycolysis

A

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

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16
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of gluconeogenesis

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

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17
Q

Rate-determining enzyme oF TCA

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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18
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of glycogenesis

A

Glycogen synthase

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19
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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20
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of HMP shunt

A

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)

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21
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of De novo pyrimidine synthesis

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

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22
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of De novo purine synthesis

A

Glutamine - PRPP - amidotransferase

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23
Q

Rate-determining enzyme of Urea cycle

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

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24
Rate-determining enzyme of fatty acid synthesis
Acetyl coa carboxylase
25
Rate-determining enzyme of fatty acid oxidation
Carnitine acyltransferase I
26
Rate-determining enzyme of ketogenesis
HMG-Coa synthase
27
Rate-determining enzyme of Cholesterol synthesis
HMG-Coa reductase
29
Rte-determining enzymes of metabolic processes - means
Irreversible
29
Phosphorofructokinase regulators
AMP+ ATP- Citrate- Fructose-2,6-biphosphate +
30
Fructose 1.6 biphosphatase regulators
ATP+ AMP - citrate + Fructose 2.6 biphosphatate -
31
Isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction
Isocitrate to a-ketoglutarate
32
Fructose 1.6 biphosphatase reaction
Fructose 1.6 biphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate
33
Isocitrate dehydrogenase regulators
ADP+ ATP- NADH -
34
Glycogen phosphorylase regulators
1. Epinephrin + 2. ATP - 3. Glucagon + 4. ADP+ 5. Insulin - 6. Glucose -6-phosphate -
35
Glycogen synthase regulators
1. Glucose - phosphate + 2. Insulin + 3. Epinephrin - 4. Glucagon - 5. CORTISOL +
36
G6PD reaction
Glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconolactone
37
G6PD regulators
NADP(+) + | NADPH -
38
Rate determining enzyme of De novo pyrimidine synthesis
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase type II
39
Rate-determining enzyme of De novo purine synthesis
Glutamine - PRPP - amidotransferase
40
Glutamine - PRPP - amidotransferase regulators
AMP- IMP- GMP-
41
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I regulators
N-acetylgutamate +
42
HMG - coa reductase (cholesterol synthesis)
Insulin + T4 + Glucagon - Cholesterol -
43
HMG reductase reaction
HMG-coa to mevalonate
44
Acetyl coa carboxylase regulators
Insulin + Citrate + Glicagon- PALMITOYL - COA -
45
Carnitine acyltranserase I (fatty acid oxidation) regulator
Malonyl - coa -
46
ATP production
Malate-aspartate shuttle - 32 ATP Glycerol-3-P shuttle - 30 ATP Anaerobic glycolysis - 2 ATP
47
Arsenic/ATP production
Arsenic causes glycolysis to produce zero net ATP/replace Pi
48
ATP function
ATP hydrolysis can be couples to energetically unfavorable reactions
50
Malate-aspartate shuttle - tissue and ATP number
Heart and liver (32ATP)
50
Nicotinamides:
NAD+ (vitamin B3) | NADP+
51
Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle - tissue and ATP number
Muscle (30ATP)
52
Flavin nucleotides
FAD+ (vitamin B2)
53
NAD+ is generally used in
Catabolic process to carry reducing equivalents away as NADH
54
NADPH is a product of
HMP shunt
55
NADPH is used in
1. Anabolic process (steroids and fatty acid synthesis) as a supply of reducing equivalents 2. Respiratory burst 3. Cytochrome P-450 4. Glutathiome reductase
56
ATP carries
Phosphorl groups
57
Coa , lipoamide carry
Acyl groups
58
NADH, NADPH, FADH2 carry
Electrons
59
Biotin carries
CO2
60
SAM carries
CH3 groups
61
Tetrahydrofolate carries
1-carbon unit
62
TPP carries
Aldehydes
63
First step of glycolysis
Phosphorylation of glucose (glucose -6-P)
64
First step for glycogen synthesis
Phosphorylation of glucose (glucose -6-P)
65
Glucose to glucose-6-P (enzyme)
Hexokinase or glucokinase depending on tissue. Low glucose concentration - hexokinase High glucose concentration - glucokinase
66
Hexokinase differ to glucokinase in
1. Location 2. Km. 3. Vm. 4. Induction by insulin 5. Feedback inhibited by glucose-6-P 6. Gene mutation associated with maturity - onset diabetes of young
68
Hexokinase vs Glucokinase according to location
Hexokinase --> Most tissues bit not liver and cell pancreas | Glucokinase --> Liver and β cells of pancreas
69
Hexokinase vs Glucokinase according to Km
Lower --> hexokinase | Glucokinase --> higher
69
Hexokinase or glucokinase is induced by insulin
Glucokinase
70
Hexokinase vs Glucokinase according to Vmax
hexokinase --> Lower | Glucokinase --> higher
71
Hexokinase or glucokinase is feedback inhibited by glucose -6-P
Hexokinase
72
Hexokinase or glucokinase is associated with gene mutation of MODY
Glucokinase
73
Hexokinase or glucokinase is associated fructose -6-P negative regulation
Glucokinase
74
Hexokinase regulation
Glucose 6-P -
75
Glucokinase regulation
Fructose-6-P -

Biochemistry FA (16 decks)

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