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Biochemistry FA > Glycolysis, TCA cycle, pyruvate, electron transport chain > Flashcards

Glycolysis, TCA cycle, pyruvate, electron transport chain Flashcards

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0
Q

Glycolysis site and all steps (not the enzymes)

A

Cytoplasm
Glucose –> Glucose-6-P –> Fructose-6-P –>
Fructose-1,6-BP –> Gltceraldehyde-3-P –> 1,3 biphosphoglycerate –> 3-phosphoglycerate –> 2-phosphoglycerate –> phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
–> Pyruvate

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1
Q

Glycolysis site

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

Hexokinase regulation

A

Glucose -6-P -

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3
Q

Glycolysis steps that require ATP

A

Glucose to 6-P- glucose (hexokinase/glucokinase)

Fructose 6-P to fructose -1,6- BP (phosphofrouktokinase

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4
Q

Glucokinase regulation

A

Fructose-6-P -

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5
Q

Glucokinase vs hexokinase about location

A

Glucokinase in liver and β cells of pancreas

Hexokinase in all other tissues

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6
Q

Glycolysis stpes that produce ATP

A

1,3-Biphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate (phosphoglycerate kinase)
Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate (pyruvate kinase)

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7
Q

Glycolysis stpes that produce ATP

A

1,3-Biphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate (phosphoglycerate kinase)
Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate (pyruvate kinase)

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8
Q

Fructose-6-P to fructose-2,6-BP

A

Phosphofructokinase -2 (activate in fed state)

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9
Q

Fructose -2,6-biphosphate enzymes (and active when)

A
  1. Fructose bisphosphate-2 –> active in fasting

2. Phosphofructokinase-2 –> active in fed

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10
Q

Fructose-2,6-BP to fructose-6-P

A

Fructose bisphosphatase-2 (active in fasting state)

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11
Q

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate/fasting state

A

Glucagon –> increased cAMP –> increased protein kinase A –> increased fructose bisphosphatase-2, decreased phosphofuctokinase-2,less glycolysis, more gluconeogenesis

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12
Q

Fructose bisphosphate-2 vs Phosphofructokinase-2 according to action and regulation

A

Are the same bifunctional enzyme whose function is reversed by phosphorylation

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13
Q

Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate/fed state

A

Insulin –> decreased cAMP –> decreased protein kinase A –> decreased fructose bisphosphatase-2, increased phosphofuctokinase-2, more glycolysis, less gluconeogenesis

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14
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex site

What does it link?

A

MITOCHONDRIAL ENZYME complex linking glycolysis and TCA cycle

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15
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex regulation

A

Active in fed state, not in fasting

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16
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex reaction

A

Pyruvate + NAD + CoA –> acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH

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17
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex contain how many enzymes

A

3

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18
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex cofactors

A
  1. Pyrophosphate (B1, TPP)
  2. FAD (riboflavin B2)
  3. NAD (B3, niacin)
  4. CoA (B5, pantothenate)
  5. Lipoic acid
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20
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activated in by

A
  1. increased NAD+/NADH ratio
  2. increased ADP
  3. Increased Ca2+
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21
Q

The Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is similar to

A

a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (same cofactors, similar substrate and action

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21
Q

Lipoic acid inhibitor

A

Arsenic

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22
Q

a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex converts

A

a-ketoglutarate –> succinyl-CoA (TCA)

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23
Q

Arsenic acid inhibits lipoic acids. Findings

A
  1. Vomiting
  2. Rice water stools
  3. Garlic breath
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24
Arsenic action
Inhibit glycolysis | Inhibit lipoic acid (dehydrogenase complex)
25
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency causes
A buildup of pyruvate that gets shunted to lactate (via LDH) and alanine (via ALT)
26
Glycolysis pathway (mediators)
Glucose glucose-6-P fructose-6-P fructose-1-6-BP glyceraldehyde-3-P 1,3-biphosphoglycerate 2-phosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate --> pyruvate
28
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency treatments
Increased intake of ketogenic nutrients (high fat content or increased lysine and leucine
28
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency findings
1. Neurologic defects 2. Lactic acidosis 3. Serum alanine starting in infancy
29
Ketogenic amino acid vs glucogenic aminoacid
A ketogenic amino acid is an amino acid that can be degraded directly into acetyl CoA through ketogenesis. This is in contrast to the glucogenic amino acids, which are converted into glucose.
31
The only purely ketogenic amino acids
Lysine | Leucine
32
Pyruvate metabolism deferent pathways (+enzymes and site)
1. Alamine (ALT-B6)-cytoplasm (Cahill cycle) 2. Oxaloacetate (PC + CO2 + ATP)-mitochondria 3. Acetyl-CoA (PDH + NAD)-mitochondria 4. Lactate (LDH +NADH+H)-cytoplasm
32
Pyruvate to alanine (reaction, site, enzyme, function)
``` Pyruvate alanine (ALT+B6) cytoplasm Function: alanine carries amino groups to the liver from muscle (Cahill cycle) ```
33
Pyruvate pathways function
1. Alanine: carries amino groups to liver from muscle (Cahill cycle) 2. Oxaloacetate: can replenish TCA cycle or be used in gluconeogenesis 3. Acetyl-Coa: transition from glycolysis to TCA 4. Lactic acid: end of anaerobic glycolysis (major pathway of RBC, leukocytes, kidney medulla, lens, testes, cornea) (Cori cycle)
34
Alanine cycle also called
Cahill cycle
35
Aminotransferase cofactor
B6
36
LDH
Lactic acid dehydrogenase
37
Pyruvate to Lactate (reaction, site, enzyme, function)
Pyruvate+NADH+H --> lactate+NAD (LDH +B3) cytoplasm | Function: end of anaerobic glycolysis
38
Pyruvate to lactate is major pathway for which tissues
RBCs, leukocytes, kidney medulla, lens, testes, cornea
39
Pyruvate to oxaloacetate (reaction, site, enzyme, function)
Pyruvate + CO2 + ATP-->oxaloacetate (pyruvate carboxylase + biotin) Mitochondria Function: oxaloacetate can replenish TCA cycle or cycle or be used in gluconeogenesis
40
Pyruvate to acetyl-Coa (reaction, site, enzyme, function)
Pyruvate+NAD --> acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH+H (pyruvate dehydrogenase, B1, B2, B3, B5, lipoic acid) Mitochondria Function: transition from glycolysis to the TCA cycle
42
TCA cycle produces | site?
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 Co2, 1 GTPper acetyl coa (2 x everything per glucose) --> 10 ATP / acetyl coa site mitochondria
43
TCA cycle - every step
- Acetyl-CoA (2C) + Oxaloacetate (4C) --> Citrate (6C) (Citrate synthase) - Citrate --> cis-Aconitate --> Isocitrate - Isocitrate --> a-KG (5C) + CO2 + NADH (isocitrate dehydrogenase) - a-KG (5C) --> Succinyl-Coa (4C) + CO2 + NADH (a-KG dehydrogenase - Succinyl-Coa (4C) --> Succinate + CoA + GTP - Succinate --> Fumarate + FDH2 - Fumarate --> Malate --> Oxaloacetate + NADH
44
A-ketogluterate dehydrogenase cofactors
Same as the pyruvate dehydrogenase | B1, B2, B3, B5, lipoic acid
44
Citrine synthase regulator
ATP-
45
pyruvate dehydrogenase regulator
- ATP - acetyl CoA - NADH
46
Isocitrate dehydrogenase regulator
ATP- NADH- ADP+
48
A-ketoglorate dehydrogenase regulators
Succinyl CoA - NADH- ATP-
48
NADH production reaction of TCA
Isocitrate--> a ketoglutorate + CO2 + NADH a ketoglutorate--> succinyl coa + CO2 + NADH Malate--> oxaloacetete + NADH
49
Irreversible enzymes of TCA cycle
1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase 2. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 3. a ketoglutorate dehydrogenase 4. Citrate synthase
50
FAD2 production reaction of TCA
Succinate --> fumareta + FAD2
51
GTP production reaction of TCA
Succinate CoA --> succinyl + CoA + GTP
52
NADH Electrons from glycolysis enter mitochondria via
1. Malate-aspartate shuttle | 2. Glycerol phosphate shuttle
53
FADH2 electrons are transferred to
Complex II (at a lower energy level than NADH
54
NADH electrons are transferred to
Complex I
55
Complex II name
Succinate dehydrogenase
56
Proton gradient purpose
Is coupled to oxidative phosphorylation, it drives the production of ATP
57
The passage of electrons to intermembrane matrix through....results in the formation of a...
Complex I, Complex III, and Complex IV | Proton gradient
58
Which complex of electron transport chain produce water
Complex IV | 1/2O2 + 2H H2O
59
Which complex of electron transport chain produce ATP
Complex V
60
H+ go to mitochondrial matrix through
Complex V
61
Molecule between complex II and III
CoQ
62
Molecule between complex III and IV
Cytochrome c
63
Complex I inhibitor
Rotenone
64
Complex III inhibitor
Antimycin A
65
Complex IV inhibitor
Cyanide | CO
66
Complex V inhibitor
Oligomiycin
67
Electron transport inhibitors
Rotenone, cyanide, antimycin A, CO | Directly inhibit electron transport, causing a decreased proton gradient and block of ATP synthesis
68
ATP produce via ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation
2,5 ATP per NADH | 1,5 ATP per FADH2
69
ATP synthase inhibitors
Oligomycin Directly inhibit mitochondrial ATP synthase , causing an increased proton gradient. No ATP is produce because electron transport stop
70
Electron transport chain-uncoupling agent mechanism of action
Imcreased permeability of membrane, causing a decreased proton gradient and increased O2 consumption. ATP synthesis stops, but electron transport continues. Produces heat
72
Electron transport chain-uncoupling agents
2,4-Dinitrophenol (used illicitly for weight loss) Aspirin (fevers often occur after aspirin overdose) Thermogenin in brown fat
73
phosphofructokinase - 1 in glycolisis - mechanism of action and regulation
Fructose-6-P --> Fructose - 1,6-BP +: AMP, fructose-2,6-BP -: ATP, Citrate
74
Pyruvate kinase regulation
1. Fructose 1,6 BP + 2. ATP - 3. Alanine -
75
Inhibitors of every step of electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
``` Complex I --> rotenone Complex III --> Antimycin A Complex IV --> Cyanide, CO Complex V --> oligomycin Uncoupling agents --> Dinitrophenol, aspirin, thermogenein ```
76
2,4-Dinitrophenol - clinical use
illicitly for weight loss

Biochemistry FA (16 decks)

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