mgp cc - geography Flashcards

Question

Q4,How is the process of decarbonisation affecting coal sector in India?

Answer 1

1) Decarbonisation → process of reducing the amount of carbon → CO2 → atmosphere 2) Constraints → Location + ownership factors + type of user constraint → Spatial distribution of energy; Coal → East + Central; Solar → South + West; Energy divide; tax revenue; 3) Need → Coal → dirty fuel → Mercury + SO2 + Black Carbon → Acid rain; Health externality→ lung, heart disease; Price parity; Acid mine drainage → exposure to Sulfur 4) Dependence on Coal → Electricity access + raise agriculture productivity; Cheap power → development aspirations; reliable + scalable; Employment generation- Ex: Rust belt USA 5) Policy pathways → job creation in low-carbon industries; robust low-carbon economic growth; peaking; Transition of workforce → coal mining to green jobs; energy access;"

Answer 2

1) Monsoon → uneven distribution → heavy rainfall → mining + transportation; Post Pandemic recovery → growth → demand; lean coal inventories → thermal power plants 2) Decline in renewable → hydro + gas (increase in price) + nuclear (maintenance shutdown) 3) Increasing international coal price → imports declined by power plants → non power industries consumption increased."

Answer 3

1) Raw material → Source, heavy + weight losing raw material. Ex: TISCO – Chota Nagpur 2) Markets → heavy + bulky, transportation cost → high; minimize transportation cost 3) Labour → Cheap labour availability, Ex: Rourkela → Orissa; Bhilai → Chattisgarh 4) Availability of electricity → hydro+ Availability of water → Cooling; Ex: Bokaro → Damodar 5) Near ore mines → Manganese, Limestone, Dolomite; Near coal fields, Electricity smelting 6) Policy certainty → Gov subsidy, rebate, establishment costs, tax rebates, land acquisition"

Answer 4

1) Reasons → Changing pattern → Consumption + Production + exchange of goods & services 2) Changing nature → Chinese production → 220% increase; Concentration → production → developing countries; Raw material concentration; Cross border → Acquisition + Merger 3) Within India → Deregulation, high priority industries → automatic approval; lowering of import duty → capital goods; Development of ports → Coastal location"

Answer 5

1) Low steel import → Indian industry hit; Domestic steel company → losses; Cascading effect → Bad loan to the Banking sector; Strategic core industry → national security 2) Steps against Chinese Steel dumping → Anti-Dumping duty; Import tax → Boost domestic company; removal of quantitative restrictions on exports; Reduction → Rail + Power tariff; rationalize → coking coal classification 3) Measures to boost demand → Infrastructure, construction, rural and agro - based industries. Research and Development → setting → Institutes; 4) National Steel policy → steel production capacity → 300 MT by 2030; inter- sectoral growth; Self-sufficiency → Production; Channelizing → MSME; internationally competitive manufacturing capabilities; Domestic demand; Cost-efficient; Increase Per capita consumption → 160kg; Net steel exporter; Quality standards for Steel Production; 5) India's competitive advantage → steel production → indigenous availability of high-grade iron ore and non-coking coal; Contributor → manufacturing sector"

Answer 6

1) Air-polluting emissions → metal oxide + smoke + fume + dust + organic, inorganic gases 2) Obsolete technology → inefficient system; Poor quality of ore, coke → Impurity → Leached 3) Covered under EPA, Need statutory clearance → Regulatory oversight; NMEEE → PAT 4) Iron & Steel Slag Utilization → construction & road making, soil conditioning, rail ballast 5) Reduce carbon footprint → Coke Dry Quenching, Energy efficient technology, Secondary Fume Extraction System, Regenerative Burners → Re-heating Furnaces, Re-use scrap"

Answer 7

1) Ocean water movement → Horizontal → waves + currents; Vertical → Tides + Up - welling; 2) Ocean current → homogeneous block → definite path + direction; Primary force → heat + wind + gravity + Coriolis; Secondary force → Temperature + salinity difference 3) Solar insolation → Heat → expansion; Winds → magnitude, direction; Gravity → water down + gradient variation; Coriolis force → right → Northern hemisphere and Left → Southern 4) Secondary forces → vertical mobility; High salinity → Denser → Sinks; Cold water → Sinks"

Answer 8

1) Types → Depth → Surface + deep water (variation → Density + gravity); Temperature → Cold (high → Low latitude) + warm (warm → cold, low + middle latitudes); thermo - haline circulation 2) Northern hemisphere → clockwise; Southern hemisphere → anti - clockwise; 3) Warm currents → cool sea; Cold currents → Warmer seas; Convergence + Divergence; 4) Shape + geography → land forms; Some names of Currents Boundary Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean North South North South West→ warm Gulf stream Brazil Kuroshio East Australian Somali, Agulhas Mozambique East → Cold Canary Benguela California Peru West Australian"

Answer 9

1) Off-shore trade wind desert → Sahara, Kalahari, Mojave, Monte, Peru, Great Sandy 2) Western coast → Sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt → descending air, relative humidity low, 3) Cold current → mists, fogs; Desiccating effect → cold Peruvian Current → Chilean coast; 4) Warm current → heavy rainfall + high humidity → High evaporation; increase cloud cover"

Answer 10

1) Fishing → Mixing → cold + warm → richest fishing ground; Ex: Grand Banks, Japan coast 2) Replenish oxygen → growth of Plankton; Climate moderation, Precipitation, Growth → coral 3) Navigation → aided by Current → Strong near Surface; Ships follow routes; 4) Rain fed crop cultivation → agricultural activities, Forestry (lumbering activities), Grassland ecosystem → encouraged pastoralism, Desert Safari tourism → Namib desert"

Answer 11

1) Natural + anthropological process; Medium – Water → Sheet + Rill + Steam + Coastal 2) 90% → water → Hydro dynamic force; Rill + Gully erosion → Punjab → Chos; 3) Reason → Rainfall Erosivity + Soil Erodibility + Topography + Soil surface cover + deforestation + Overgrazing + Faulty practices of agriculture+ road construction+ land use changes 4) Consequences → Primary sector + qualitative loss of productivity → economy; agriculture; loss of nutrient; Siltation → reduce water holding capacity-> flooding; wetland → reduce 5) Conservation → contour tillage + bunding + check dams + terrace farming + checking the extension of gullies + strip cropping + shelter belts + afforestation + ban shifting cultivation, controlled grazing + mixed cropping + mixed farming +rotation of crops + mulching 6) Gov steps → Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) + Desert Development Programme (DDP) + Integrated Wasteland Development Project (IWDP) + PMKSY + Rural development"

Answer 12

1) Reasons → Irrigation, poorly drained + evaporation, leaching of salt, water table shallow+ seepage zones, over use of fertilizer, over extraction groundwater; sea water intrusion 2) Outcome → Chemical composition → natural water resources; poor soil structures; loss of fertile soils; yield + productivity reduces; Taxonomic replacement → halo-tolerant species; 3) Food security → reducing net cultivable area + choice of cultivable crops reduce + uncertain+ unstable livelihood security; low incomes; 4) Remedial measures → Nutrient based subsidy program, Pramparagat krishi vikas yojna, improving drainage, reducing surface evaporation, chemical treatments – Gypsum"

Answer 13

1) Land degradation → climatic variations + human activity + population pressure on land pastoralism versus Sedentary cultivation; urbanization → lake capture; forest fires 2) Outcome → downward spiral of worsening degradation, poverty; rural migration → impoverishing cultural identity+ abandoning traditional knowledge, intercultural conflict 3) Suggestions→ irrigation facilities + ground water management + recharge; afforestation → suiting local needs; sand fences, shelter belts, woodlots, windbreaks, land reclamation Nutrient management, crop diversification→ Millet + legume intensification 4) Command Area Development Programme, National Afforestation Programme, National Action Programme to Combat Desertification, Bonn Challenge → land restoration and reclamation."

Answer 14

1) Regur soil → 'tropical chernozems'; Deccan traps → Formation → Zonal soil 2) Maharashtra, MP, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu → Regions of Deccan plateau 3) Texture → Calyey → deep + impermeable → high water retention capacity 4) Colour → Black → Iron + Aluminium compounds + humus; Fertile soil; Thick → lowlands; 5) Soils swell → Sticky → wet; Dry → wide cracks; self-aeration/ploughing→ absorb Nitrogen; 6) Chemical → Rich → lime, iron, magnesia, alumina; Poor → phosphorous, nitrogen 7) Crops → highly productive → cotton, pulses, millets, linseed, tobacco, sugarcane, citrus fruits"

Answer 15

Red yellow Laterite soil Formation → granites, gneisses, metamorphic rocks; well drained conditions, zonal soil Formation → high flat erosion surface → High, seasonal rainfall; leaching → Zonal soil Areas → piedmont zone → Western Ghats; Southern middle Gangetic plain; Areas → Higher Peninsular plateau; Karnataka, Kerala, TN, MP Colour → Red; Diffusion → Iron → crystalline + metamorphic rock; yellow → Hydrated Reddish brown → iron oxide; lime + silica leached; humus content removed→ drought Porous, friable, poor → Nitrogen, humus, airy + need irrigation; intense leaching Low in fertility; humus decomposed; Poor → organic matter; Rich → Iron oxide; potash"

Answer 16

1) Black soil → cereal production + pasture + range + forage system → food security; high soil organic carbon (SOC) content → greenhouse gas + mitigate climate change; 2) Laterite soil → soil stabilization → construction material → low-cost road, buildings 3) Red soil → 13% global abundance; Largest in India; Millet production"

Answer 17

1) Well Water Irrigation system → deep + shallow → red soils → drained in wet season; 2) Inundation Irrigation system → Alluvial deposits → Canal irrigation; 3) Micro → Sprinkler, Drip Higher Cropping + irrigation intensity; Water use efficiency → energy efficiency; off grid farmer → diesel + solar pump; Fertiliser use efficiency; increasing crop productivity → quality + quantity; inter cropping + crop rotation + fertigation; doubling farmer's income → overcome land salinization + degradation → Sustainability 4) Challenges – Variability in energy demand + low awareness + expensive set up cost 5) IoT based Smart Irrigation system → Precision agriculture → Hydroponic + Aquaponic"

Answer 18

1) Pedogenic Processes → Addition + Losses + Translocation + Transformations 2) Acted by → climate + organisms; Passive factors → Parent material + Climate (role of precipitation + temperature) + Biota + Topography + Time"

Answer 19

1) Colour → physical + chemical characteristics → Ex: Humus rich (dark); Red yellow (iron) 2) Texture → coarseness/fineness of mineral matter; 3 major → Clay, Silt, Sand 3) Texture affects → water content, water flow, retention of nutrients, aeration extent 4) Structure → arrangement→ Permeability (greatest in sandy soils, poor in clayey soils) + Porosity (Clay → Porous but not permeable; granite → non-porous but permeable) 5) Chemistry → soil acidity (humid), alkalinity (arid, semi-arid), neutrality"

Answer 20

1) Ancient India → Urvara → fertile; Usara → sterile; 2) ICAR classification of soils → Inceptisols, Entisols, Vertisols, Aridisols, Ultisols, Etc. 3) On basis of dominant features → Zonal soil; Azonal soil; Intra Zonal soil 4) Colour/Composition → Alluvial, Black, Laterite, Red and Yellow, Saline, Peaty, Forest, Arid"

Answer 21

1) Formation→ debris, sedimentation → silt of Tethys Sea → Azonal soil; 2) Areas → Northern plains + river valleys → narrow corridor → extend to Rajasthan, Gujarat; Peninsula → delta east coast + river valley; Upper + middle Ganga plain → Khadar + Bhangar 3) Texture → Sandy loam to clay → Sand content decrease west – east 4) Colour → light grey- ash grey; Depends on → Depth of deposition + texture + maturity 5) Transported soil → Lack humus + nitrogen [Except: Sunderban delta]; Rich → Potash+ lime 6) Soil profile → no stratification; certain areas → covered → unproductive wind-borne → Loess"

Answer 22

1) New alluvium → rich organic matter; Periodic flooding → rejuvenation → soil fertility. Ex: Zuni people in southwestern US; 2) Requiring → least water → high porosity. India → 46% of total area of India 3) Major crops grown→ rice, wheat, sugarcane, tobacco, maize, cotton, soybean, jute, etc. 4) Three dimensional riparian areas → Ecotone → Terai regions → ground water recharge; Biodiversity → flood plain → Wetland 5) Urban development → Low slopes → wide valleys → easy to excavate → population density 6) Fine particle → clay; Brick making + Pottery; Gravel nature → road aggregate + construction"

Answer 23

1) Older than Himalayan drainage → broad, largely-graded shallow valleys → Maturity 2) Concordant drainage pattern → non-perennial+rain fed; Fluvial land forms; 3) Almost reached-> base level river profile; Vertical down cutting→ negligible"

Answer 24

1) Origin → a) Subsidence of→ western flank of Peninsula; b) Upheaval of the Himalayas; c) Slight tilting of the Peninsular block →causing subsidence → rifts (trough, faults) 2) Earlier→ Sahyadri-Aravali axis → water divide; Cause east + west flowing river systems 3) Straight coastline+ absence of delta formations on the western coast"

Answer 25

1) East flowing river → Bay of Bengal River system → Mahanadi (tributary→ Seonath, Jonk, Hasdo, Mand, Ib, Ong, Tel) + Godavari (tributary → Manjira, Penganga, Wardha, Wainganga, Pranahitha, Indravat) + Krishna (tributary → Kali Ganga, Koyna, Warna, Panchganga, Dudhganga, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Tungabhadra) + Cauvery (Tributary → Harangi, Hemavati, Bhavani, Kabini, Noyyal, Arkavathi, Shimsha) flow eastwards → drain Bay of Bengal → make deltas at mouth 2) West flowing river → Narmada, Tapi, Mahi → estuary formation → short course + drains fast into the sea + high inclination → hard rock → no distributary 3) Rivers draining into Ganga → Chambal, Ken, Betwa, Son, Damodar → bad land topography"

Answer 26

1) Originate → Peninsular plateau, no glacial activity, variability in river regime → precipitation; waterfall at any course 2) Small basin + catchment area; flow in shallow valleys; little erosion activity; fixed course; absence of meanders, old plateau shields; not flood prone 3) Consequent drainage; superimposed; rejuvenated → trellis; rectangular; radial pattern 4) Western ghats → water divide; Western ghats → formation of springs; steep slope"

Answer 27

1) Increases water availability → rain shadow regions; groundwater recharge; Delta formation→ biodiversity → Krishna + Godavari delta; Ex: Kaleshwaram Lift multi-purpose irrigation project (World's largest Irrigation + Drinking Water System + transportation); 2) Inland + national waterway → Ex: River Godavari + Krishna → Kakinada- Puducherry 3) River basin → agricultural bowl; Kaveri → TN, Lower Karnataka → rice bowl; 4) Hydroelectricity projects → Ex: Polavaram Hydro Electric Project; Nagarjuna Sagar 5) Cultural significance → Narmada valley project+Sardar sarovar project → River basin approach; Ecological cost/impact → Submerging Forest + agricultural land → Displacement Catchment area treatment → Narmada Bachao Andolan"

Answer 28

1) Largest → 26.3% geographical area,10 states; Ambala water divide → Indus and Ganga 2) Rises → Gangotri glacier near Gaumukh (Uttarakhand) → Bhagirathi; Devprayag → Bhagirathi + Alaknanda; Enter plains → Haridwar; Allahabad → Ganga + Yamuna; Rajmahal hills, Ganga → bifurcates at Farakka into Hugli in West Bengal, Padma → Bangladesh 3) Left bank tributaries → Ramganga; Gomati; Ghaghara; Gandak; Kosi; Mahananda 4) Right bank tributaries → Son, Yamuna (originates → Bandarpunch; longest tributary) 5) Chambal → Badland topography, Kosi → braided + shifting course → Sorrow of Bihar"

Answer 29

1) Origin → Chemayungdung glacier of Kailash range near Mansarovar Lake. 2) Tibet → Tsangpo; Hair pin ""U"" turn → Namcha barwa; Dihang/Siang gorge; Tista + Brahmaputra → Jamuna (Bangladesh); 3) Left bank → Dihing, Dhansari, Kalang; Right bank → Subansiri, Sankosh, Kameng, Manas 4) Forms canyon → Tibet; Majauli island → world's largest riverine island + India's first island district; Excessive meandering → Duars;"

Answer 30

1) Changing river regime → drying of springs (90% water); receding glaciers; deforestation 2) Drilling, tunneling, blasting → run - river hydro project → sedimentation → bed-load change 3) Pressure on land-use; depleting groundwater reserves; growing consumption demands → migration + settlement patterns change; reduction of temporal spread of rainfall 4) Identifying recharge areas + developing local capacity + incentivizing rainwater harvesting 5) Check dams, percolation ponds, injecting water into aquifers"

Answer 31

1) Classifications of Mini + Micro Projects; Maintaining base flow/natural flow; nirmaldhara + aviraldhara; Preserving natural ecosystem → Gharial → chambal river 2) Policy of Zero discharge→ Reuse + Recycle→ grey water, natural manure; Non-Point sources → organic/natural farming; 3) Eco-hostile river-front development; minimum interference +minimum ecological flow; 4) Namami Gange → multi-sectoral + multi-dimensional +multi-stakeholder; 100% share - central sector scheme; Three level – (a) Entry level → river surface cleaning (b) Medium term → arresting the municipal and industrial pollution (c) Long term → determination of e-flow, increased water-use efficiency + improved efficiency of surface irrigation."

Answer 32

1) River originating → Himalayan + trans-Himalayan range; 2) Three major river system→ Ganga; Brahmaputra; Indus;"

Answer 33

1) Melting snow + Precipitation → Perennial; 2) Upper reach → Youthful stage → Gorges, V-shaped valleys, rapids, waterfalls etc. 3) Middle part → Plains→deposition features → Meandering → flat valleys, ox-bow lakes, flood plains, braided channels, deltas"

Answer 34

1) Shiwalik→ entire longitudinal extent→ Assam to Punjab (lacustrine origin and alluvial deposits) → dismembered into three drainage 2) Dismemberment → Pleistocene upheaval+ Western Himalaya+ uplift of Potwar Plateau (Delhi Ridge) → act as water divide → Indus/Ganga River system 3) Down thrusting → Malda gap→ Rajmahal Hill; Meghalya Plateau → Bay of Bengal drainage"

Answer 35

1) River basin → One third India (Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab) 2) Origin - Glacier → near Bokhar Chu -> Kailash Mountain range (Tibet called Singi Khamban) 3) Course- Enters India- Damchok → Flows → Leh → Deep gorge → Enters Pakistan (Chillar, Dardistan) → deep gorge → hair pin bend → Discharge → Arabian sea 4) Major Right-bank tributaries → Shyok, Kabul, Gilgit, Khurram, Kunar, Hunza, Tochi, Nubra 5) Left-bank tributaries → Zaskar; 'Panjnad' → joins at Mithankot → five rivers → Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum"

Answer 36

1) Jhelum → rise → Verinag (Pir Panjal) → Navigable in some part; Tulbul Navigation Project 2) Chenab → Chandra + Bhaga → Originate → Bara Lacha pass (Lahaul) → largest tributary → Indus; Flows between → Pir Panjal – Greater Himalaya; Important project → Baglihar 3) Ravi → Rises Rohtang pass→ flows→ Chamba valley→ drains Pir Panjal- Dhauladhar; 4) Beas → originate- Beas kund; Meets Sutlej → Harike; Only river of Panjnad that lies entirely in India; 5) Satluj → Originate→ Rakas Lake (near Mansarovar) → Passes through Shipki La → Antecedent River → Canal system of Bhakra Nangal; Sutlej-Yamuna Link (SYL) canal 6) SYL canal issue→ b/w Punjab & Haryana; 1960 – Indus water treaty → 'free and unrestricted use'; 1966 → Creation of Haryana → Green revolution; Water stress grew; Punjab refusal → Riparian principle; 2020 → Punjab → Tribunal → time bound assessment"

Answer 37

1) Subsistence → World heritage site; Particularly Vulnerable Tribal groups- Toda, Irula etc. → ethos of livelihood; Non - timber forest produce, medicinal plants 2) Rich in -> iron, manganese, bauxite ores; 3) Pepper, cardamom, coffee, rubber, tea → plantation crops 4) Tourism (Ooty, Waynad) + Pilgrimage centers (Sabarimalai, Mahabaleshwar)"

Answer 38

1) Impact on precipitation → erratic and localized rainfall → North – South variability in rains; Drought in areas of Krishna, Kaveri basins; flooding, landslides 2) Impact on agriculture → Rain fed agriculture → reduced yield; plantation crop → hastened soil drying, soil cover loss; reduction in local variety of crop 3) Impact on forest → Net Primary productivity reduced 4) Impact on Biodiversity → Species loss → constricted gene pool → climate stress → fragmentation of habitat (Ex- endemic brown mongoose)"

Answer 39

1) Linear infrastructure projects → unscientific construction + urbanisation 2) Unsustainable mining activities → Iron ore extraction (Goa) → Sand Mining (Kerala) 3) Indiscriminate promotion of tourism → Solid waste generated → recycling→ hard metals 4) Increasing Landslides; destruction of riparian forest + tree cover; river regime affected 5) Construction of dam → Proper EIA → Natural and free flowing river maintained; 6) Projects avoid → Deforestation; Prior informed consent → locals; social audit incorporate 7) Community + traditional water harvesting; watershed measures; Rice intensification 8) Increasing Human wildlife conflict → Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary → 11% of grain loss"

Answer 40

1) Gadgil Committee report (WGEEP) → entire hill range → Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA) and Ecologically Sensitive Zones (ESZ); Proposes → Bottom (Gram Sabha led) to Top approach; Establishing a Western Ghats Ecology Authority; 2) Kasturirangan committee Report → complete ban → mining + quarrying + sand mining in ESA; 37% area as ESA; Distinguished between ‘cultural & natural landscape (41% area)’; monitoring agency set up; 3) MoEFCC + NGT→ “No go Zone” → phasing out mines within 5 years 4) Need to understand → distributional patterns+ habitat requirements+ financial incentives + sustainable farming + incentive schemes + payments for ecosystem services (REDD+)"

Answer 41

1) Western edge → Deccan table land; Steep sided (escarpment) + terraced + flat topped hills 2) Horizontally bedded lava → stepped/ landing stair feature; Abrupt rise → Coastal plain 3) Slope gently on Eastern side; Southern side → separated by Rift valley 4) Older than Himalaya and Eastern ghats → Spread over six states; Continuous Range → Passes → Thal, Bhor, Pal, Senkota; 3 coasts → Konkan + Kanara + Malabar"

Answer 42

1) Altitudinal gradation → Montane forest ecosystem + Warm tropical humid climate 2) Role in Monsoon → Key barrier → South western Monsoon; Orographic rainfall → create rain shadow regions → Vidarbha, 3) Hydrological role → Origination → peninsular rivers [Krishna, Kaveri, Godavari, etc] → Water tower and watershed of Peninsula; 4) Evolutionary Ecotone → speciation related to Gondwana land→ Out of “Asia and Africa”"

Answer 43

1) Montane forest ecosystems, Moist deciduous, Tropical evergreen, scrub forest, High rainfall savannas; Myristica swamps – unique vegetation types 2) High degree of endemism + species richness; one of the 8 Hottest Hotspots; 6% land – 30% fauna; Varation in endemism → latitudinal length of dry season gradient + temperature-elevation gradient; endemism higher → short dry season + higher altitudes 3) Endemic Fauna species → Lion-Tailed Macaque; Nilgiri Tahr; Malabar Civet; 4) Shola forest- isolated compact evergreen patches → folds of rolling downs → moisture content is high → stunted trees"

Answer 44

1) Nilgiris - First biosphere reserve → Confluence of Biotic zones (Afro-tropical and Indo-Malayan); Tributaries of Kaveri → Bhavani, Moyar, Kabini; Confluence of → Mudumalai WS + Wayanad WS, Bandipur NP + Nagarhole NP + Mukurthi NP + Silent Valley 2) Silent valley → Tropical rain forest → high and continuous ridges + steep escarpment → shielded from extreme climate → ecological island → special micro climate; River Kunthipuzha flows; Home of Lion tail Macaque(endangered); Silent Valley Movement → against hydro electric project in 1973 3) Part of project Elephant + project tiger"

Answer 45

1) Agriculture → Horticulture crops [apple, citrus, peach, plum]; Shivalik range-> Eastern Himalayas suited for Tea; Kashmir Himalaya- Saffron cultivation; Pine tree- resins, pulp 2) Mineral resources → coal+oil reserve; Metallic ores [Copper, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, antimony, tungsten]+precious stone; 3) Energy → small and micro hydro electric energy; Regional Integrated Energy Plans – decentralize renewable→ spatiotemporal variability→ local demands 4) Tourism→ pilgrimage+leisure+adventure tourism→ multiplier-effect"

Answer 46

1) Influence precipitation, rainfall → runoff pattern→ downstream water availability 2) Black carbon→ accentuating glacial melting; Measures→ fuel-efficiency standards, efficiency of brick kilns, Cleaner cook stoves, fossil fuel to renewable energy sources 3) Increased frequency + magnitude → extreme weather events- high intense rainfall, flash floods, landslides and debris flows, Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF) 4) Shrinking Permafrost→ altered hydrological cycle, vegetation composition, carbon dioxide and methane fluxes→ increased seasonal thawing→ instability+erosion→ activation of soil carbon pool→expansion of non-permafrost→ desertification increase 5) Fragmentation of habitat+ecosystem→ shifts in the latitude of forest boundaries + upward movement of tree line → change in species and vegetation composition"

Answer 47

1) Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) ~ 71.5 billion$ to GDP; Some states ~ 10%GDP; Investment is less; Unsustainable models of tourism; informal sector; loss of forest 2) Non-climatic issues → human wildlife conflicts, water insecurity, land degradation→ socio-demographic change (out-migration-Ghost Villages of Uttarakhand), solid waste, air pollution; (b) Synergy deficits - investments + interventions synchronised 3) Balanced economy+long term preservation+ sensitive to needs of host population 4) community-based, tourism management committees (b) sector centric forest policy; (c) waste management, marketing, and branding and tourism enterprise development (governance) (d) overcoming fragility, marginality, and inaccessibility by upstream-downstream linkages of cultures and ecosystem services"

Answer 48

1) Livelihood of tribal→ fuel wood + Minor forest produce → new farming practice and water demand management; high-altitude wetlands, sacred grooves 2) Composite of several cultural cosmoses→ High Altitude → nomadic and dispersed; Mid Altitude-sedentary zones, village settlements; Low altitude and foothills- ‘slash and burn’ cultivation+ terrace farming; 3) Monastery [Tabo,Hemis]+spiritual significance; Rich weaving + tapestry work[Pashmina]"

Answer 49

1) Plate tectonic theory → Indian+ Eurasian plate → great geosynclines → Tethys sea; Some Himalayan river older than Himalaya. 2) Tethys sea→ Marine limestone→ summit of peaks→ Tibetan plateau→ upthrusting 3) line of collision → Tibetan Plateau+ Indian Plate → Indus–Tsangpo Suture Zone → compression tectonic fault; Further south- Murree Foredeep, Shiwalik foredeep 4) Relief structure → Tibetan plateau|Indus –Tsangpo Suture Zone→ Tethyan/Trans Himalayas→ Great Himalaya|MCT| Lesser Himalaya→ MBF| Shivalik → HFF| Plains"

Answer 50

1) Parallel/converging ranges→ dissected topography→southern slope→ steep gradient 2) Trans/Tibetan Himalaya → Zaskar, Ladakh, Kailas, Karakoram → East-west direction →Indus→ Northern slopes Kailas range; Karakoram→greatest glaciers outside pole 3) Great/Himadri Himalaya→ (a) central crystallines (granites+ gneisses), (b) metamorphosed sediments symmetrical+ steep slope, (c) convex to south → ends at syntaxial bends (Nanga Parbat in north-west + Namcha Barwa in north-east) 4) Middle/Lesser Himalaya→ (a) steep, bare southern slopes [prevents soil formation], (b) gentle, forest covered northern slopes; (c) Pir Panjal range→ Jhelum to Beas → Continuous hence need passes(Banihal); (d) Kashmir valley→ synclinal basin + alluvial, lacustrine [lake deposits], fluvial [river action], glacial deposits; Jhelum river→ deep gorge in Pir Panjal; Kangra→ strike valley; Kulu→ transverse valley. 5) Shivalik range → Potwar plateau-Brahmaputra valley; Tista river; Valley- syncline; hills → anticline; Southern slope→ devoid of forest, dissected streams→ Chos; Duns 6) Purvanchal/ Eastern hills→ Dihang gorge → Himalayas southern bend→ convex to west → sandstone; Jaintia, Khasi and Garo → eastward→ Indian peninsular block"

Answer 51

1) Kashmir Himalaya→ Karewa formation→ Lake deposits→ Clay+silt+sand→ glaciation→ cultivation of Zafran; (b)Nepal Himalaya → Tallest section; (c) Sikkim Himalaya- Jalep La Pass- Tri junction of India-China-Bhutan;(d) Assam Himalaya→ formation of Duar; Diphu Pass – Tri junction of India-China-Myanmar; 2) Eastern Himalayas snowline at higher altitude; Western Himalayas→ lower, gradual slope→ peaks far away from plains→ climatic conditions moderated on plains"

Answer 52

1) Natural+artificial feature ->planetary body; Formed by internal process (uplift +sinking); External process (wearing down+rebuilding) → Erosion+Deposition→ water, ice, wind 2) Five major land form → Fluvial(water)+ Aeolian(wind)+ Glacial+ Wave+ Karst 3) Folding, Faulting, and Vulcanism → secondary land forms → due to endogenic forces"

Answer 53

1) sedimentary rock strata →geosynclines →compression forces; Folding in metamorphic rock rare → hard +brittle → break → reverse fault → mark plate boundaries 2) Fold→ undulating structure→ multiple layers→ upward convex(anticline) → downward convex(syncline)"

Answer 54

1) Origination → Very old, old fold, alpine young fold (rugged, lofty, conical) 2) Nature of fold→ Simple (syncline+ anticline); Complex (detached folds - ‘nappe’)"

Answer 55

1) Rock type→ sedimentary rocks→ marine origin→ deposition+ consolidation; shallow water deposits; Recurrent seismicity; 2) May or may not have volcanism → volcanic rocks of ancient times; 3) Youngest mountains→ lofty→ width small→ granite intrusion; concave+convex slope"

Answer 56

1) Folding + uprising sediment; ocean-continent collision; continent-continent collision; 2) Over thrust folds → Further folding → fracture → Nappe; Upper layer slides over lower layer→ energy released → Earth quakes; Convergence of denser plates→ release magma from mantle region → high pressure→ continental plane;"

Answer 57

1) Impact climate→ Vegetation →Orographic rainfall → unique ecosystem →flora+fauna; 2) significant economic importance → Tourist spots+ adventure sport; Hydro Electric Power→ steep slope → Hinterland connectivity; de-carbonise; 3) Prone to landslides, flash floods→ loose soil+ gravitational pull+ due to steep slope"

Answer 58

1) Lithosphere broken → floats on asthenosphere → horizontal movement→ rigid units 2) Oceanic crust→ Simatic(thinner); Continental crust→ Sialic(thicker) 3) Movement of plates → convection currents in mantle → thermal gradient"

Answer 59

1) Paleomagnetism → Polar wandering→ orientation of iron grains → sea floor spreading 2) older rocks → continents; younger rocks→ ocean floor 3) Gravitation anomalies→ value of gravitational constant less→ loss of material 4) Earthquake and vulcanism → along plate boundaries; creation of convection cell"

Answer 60

1) Convergent plate boundaries –>crumpling+folding+destruction→ orogenic collision→fold mountains → Ex:- Himalayan Boundary Fault; Zone of subduction→ trenches; volcanic arc systems + oceanic plate boundaries → island arcs; 2) Divergent plate boundaries→ move away→ Mid-ocean ridges→ basaltic magma→ sea floor spreading→ East African rift valley→ shallow focus earthquake+ crust formation 3) Transform plate boundaries→ no creation/destruction→ deformation→ creates faults perpendicular to mid oceanic ridges→San Andreas Fault"

Answer 61

1) Present form→ tertiary geological age→ Peninsular+Australian continental portion→ boundary between India and the Antarctic plate → oceanic ridge 2) Plate tectonic→ height of Himalayas increasing; Northward movement of plate→ colliding with Asiatic plate → Makes tectonic active zone + seismic zone IV 3) The northward movement → formation of Deccan trap (shield volcano)"

Answer 62

1) Proximity to main boundary thrust fault; Release of stress by frequent collision of Indian plate and Eurasian plate; Presence of loose alluvial soil of plains amplifies the quake 2) Presence of other weak zones and faults → Delhi-Haridwar ridge, Dehradun subsurface fault, Moradabad fault, etc."

Answer 63

1) Violent storms → areas of low pressure (decides wind intensity) over ocean → violent winds(squalls)+ torrential rainfall + storm surge 2) Irregular wind movement+ closed air circulation → rapid upward movement of hot air"

Answer 64

1) Large sea surface+ sea surface temperature > 27C; latent heat of condensation 2) Coriolis force →create cyclonic vortex + direction; Weak low-pressure area+depression 3) Upper divergence above sea level system; Small local variations in temperature + wind speed → low-pressure centers of small size 4) rising of humid air => adiabatic lapse rate => fall in temp => condensation of moisture => latent heat released => hotter and lighter air uplifted => more air fills gap => new moisture available for condensation 5) convergence of air masses → spiraling circular wind (eye) & multiple convective cells"

Answer 65

1) 10% of world’s tropical cyclone exposed to India; primary peak in November. 2) Storm surge inundates low lying areas + causes heavy floods+ coastal erosion+ destroys vegetation + reduces soil fertility → salinity increases 3) Gulab, Yaas and Tauktae growing intensity of wind + unconventional weather pattern → preparedness time is low → Dense population + poor capacity→ pandemic adds to problem → Public health + economic and climatic security + mangrove ecosystem 4) Institutional structures +insurance systems for financial protection from material loss"

Answer 66

1) Higher vaporization from sea + Fresh water inflow + trough-like shape coastline + Pacific cyclones (break away typhoons) + Land on three sides → Greater heat from landmass 2) Flatter plain, land, emergent eastern coast – prevent deflection of winds"

Answer 67

1) Rising sea surface temperature; Altering the cycles of El Nino (EN) and El Nino Modoki (ENM) → creating larger area for wind convergence → intensification of cyclonic depression in Arabian sea 2) Intensification of easterly winds → Ex :- Ockhi generated in BoB-> towards Arabian sea"

Answer 68

1) Narrow concentrated bands + high velocity + geostrophic wind in upper troposphere 2) They are circumpolar & follow the boundaries between hot and cold air mass."

Answer 69

1) High velocity → thermal contrast → temperature gradient 2) Meandering → encircle the globe, follow a curved path →3 dimensional flow + develop crests + trough → covering a wide area → travel from west to east → “Rivers of the air” → pressure gradient force at the core 3) Seasonal variations + shift with the movement of the sun + Forms “Eddies” 4) Landmass → friction + temperature differences (decides intensity + height); 5) Coriolis force → centrifugal effects; Temperature of stratosphere → strength + position of jet stream; Cooler stratosphere → Greater strength of jet stream"

Answer 70

1) Role in Polar vortex → Meandering becomes extreme → temperature gradient. Global warming → warming of pole → Permanent jet streams or polar front jets → got shifted southward by depleting ozone layer 2) Maintains latitudinal heat balance→ air mass movement + exchange 3) Contain wind shear, high wind velocity→ major threat to airlines. Help airlines too. East bound flight time < Westbound flights."

Answer 71

1) Role in Western disturbances (from Mediterranean) → mid-latitude region → Westerly jet stream → low pressure system → snowfall in winter in NW parts → important for Rabi crops (Wheat); 5-10% of India’s annual rainfall → changing nature resulted into disasters → Cloudbursts, landslides, flooding 2) Role in monsoon → Tropical Easterly Jet/ African Easterly Jet → reversal of upper air circulation pattern; Somali Jet → southwesterly → intensity of monsoon → strengthens Mascarene high; Subtropical Jet Stream (STJ) → blocks solar monsoon cell + inhibits solar monsoon → creates ridge (anticyclonic) and trough (cyclonic air movement); Burst of monsoon → STJ withdraws from sub continent → Northward movement; High Pressure due to STJ + High Pressure over Tibet = strong divergence = no rainfall in winter"

Answer 72

1) Homogeneous air block → temperature + humidity + moisture. 2) Extend from surface to lower stratosphere → part of global planetary wind system"

Answer 73

1) source regions → homogeneous air masses are created 2) Main source regions → high pressure belts in sub tropics, poles, low-latitude deserts like the Sahara, continental interiors of North America and Eurasia. 3) Source region properties → extensive, gentle, divergent air circulation, little pressure gradient 4) Two major types -> Tropical air mass(warm) & Polar air mass (cold); Heat exchange process occur slowly between surface and air mass."

Answer 74

1) Maritime air masses → high humidity → produce large amount of precipitation; continental air mass is dry → produce less precipitation. 2) Air mass spreads over large areas → little variation in temperature + stability + moisture 3) Retain its original identity & not torn apart by differences in airflow."

Answer 75

1) Vertical distribution of temperature, moisture content -> weather system to change, stall + transfer of latent heat → removing latitudinal heat balance. 2) Boundary zone of convergence separating the two air masses → fronts. Atmospheric disturbances originate at these fronts → Frontogenesis → Temperate cyclones are formed (*Will be dealt in a separate concept class). 3) Oceanic air mass → atmospheric moisture → oceans to continents + cause precipitation over landmass → Frontal precipitation. 4) Dry air mass → arid condition → hasten the process of desertification. Ex- Sahel region 5) Continental Arctic air mass → cause of extreme cold conditions → polar vortex. 6) Air mass transport from north-west to Delhi → conspicuous amount of highly volatile + semi-volatile aerosols + Columns of NO2, Ozone → photo chemical smog. 7) stagnation of wind → stable air mass → dust + PM2.5 + PM10 particles = cloud condensation nuclei → increases haze and smog."

Answer 76

1) Withdrawal of South-West monsoon and onset of North East monsoon is a gradual phenomena (3 months), hence also called Retreating monsoon."

Answer 77

1) Low-pressure area over the north-western parts of India weakens → gradual transition of ITCZ towards the South 2) High pressure starts to build up over the Tibetan plateau and central Asia. 3) Sun shifts towards the equator(equinox). 4) Eastern tropical jet stream and Somali Jet stream begin to die → onset of Westerly jet stream"

Answer 78

1) Rise in temperature with high humidity → ""October Heat"" or ""Kwar ki Umas"" 2) The rainfall is scanty due to anti cyclonic circulations on land. 3) Exceptions:- rainiest months of the year in coastal areas of Tamil Nadu → due to large indentation made by the Bay of Bengal. 4) Possibility of tropical cyclones and passage of cyclonic depressions."

Answer 79

1) Average rainfall in India – 125cm; Areas of High Rainfall- west coast, Western Ghats, Khasi hills; Areas of Medium Rainfall - areas of Gujarat, east Tamil Nadu, north-eastern Peninsula, northern Ganga plain, Cachar Valley; Areas of Low Rainfall – N-W part of India and parts of Deccan Plateau. Areas of Inadequate Rainfall – Rain shadow regions of Western ghats and cold, hot deserts of India. 2) More than 50% farmland rain-fed, 70% of annual rainfall in monsoon season. Low summer monsoon affects planting of Kharif crop, weak retreating monsoon → Rabi 3) Low rainfall → drought, affects rural consumption, automobile, fast moving consumer goods, increases the imports of essential food staples; government measures like farm loan waivers due to political populism; increases fiscal deficit. 4) The Monsoon rains helps in increasing output of hydro-electric power projects in perennial river systems. The monsoon winds → wind energy in Kucch and TN coast. 5) The debit side, Indian economy suffers heavy losses due to floods and droughts. Farmer suicides and disaster related expenditures."

Answer 80

1) Monsoons are seasonal winds. Rhythmic + Periodic and secondary wind movement 2) They flow from sea to land during the summer and from land to sea during winter. 3) These wind movements are type of large convection cells."

Answer 81

1) South West monsoon 2) The North – East monsoon"

Answer 82

1) Differential heating effect between the ocean and land in South Asia. 2) Coriolis force causes the wind movement to turn right into the landmass. 3) Role of moisture and condensation which release latent heat and augments the differential heating produced by the land-sea contrast. 4) The Tibetan plateau exerts its influence both as a mechanical barrier in the atmospheric flow as well as a high level heat source. 5) Permanent high pressure cell in the South Indian Ocean (east to north-east of Madagascar in summer)."

Answer 83

1) The role of Jet streams Sub tropical/ Tropical Westerly Jet stream, Tropical/ Equatorial Easterly Jet stream. 2) Annual migration of thermally induced planetary winds and pressure belts or shifting of ITCZ (Inter Tropical Convergence Zone)."

Answer 84

1) Mascarene High(high pressure area at sea south of equator) and the Somali Jetstream. 2) Indian Ocean branch of Walker Cell. 3) Variation in the axis of the monsoon trough. Break in monsoon, the trough shifts to the base of Himalayas. 4) Teleconnections and see-saw pattern of meteorological change of ENSO – El–Nino and Southern Oscillation Index."

mgp cc - geography Flashcards

(110 cards)