mgp cc - envi Flashcards

Question

Q30,What is meant by National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency?

Answer 1

1) Objective: (i) Reinforcement of market component→Energy efficiency; (ii) Acting as a catalyst→Innovative business model; 2) Initiatives: (i) Perform Achieve Trade→Large energy intensive industries; (ii) Market transformation for energy efficiency→Shift to energy efficient appliances; (iii)Energy Efficiency Financing Platform→Investment by financial institutions; (iv) Framework for Energy Efficient Economic Development→Fiscal instruments→Energy efficiency→Risk mitigation."

Answer 2

1) Achievements: (i) Total avoided capacity addition→19.5GW; (ii)Saving the fuel→23 million tones/Year; (iii)Emission intensity reduction→100 million tones/year; (iv)ESCERTs→Formalized carbon market 2) Challenges: (i) Tech penetration→Poor in grass-root level; (ii) Huge initial investment→Energy efficient technologies; (iii) Indigenous R&D →Investment is low; (iv) No measures→T&D loss."

Answer 3

1) UN REDD Programme → Advisory platform → Outcome of Bali action plan & COP-13 → Collaborative initiative → FAO; UNDP; UNEP. 2) Objective: (i) Reduction → Forest emission; (ii) Expand → Carbon stocks; (iii) Sustainable development. 3) Goals → (i) Reduce forest emission → 1 Giga ton/Year; (ii) Mobilization → USD 5 billion by 2025; (iii) Enhanced forest ambitions → NDC. 4) Catalyst → Forest & Land use measures → Nationally Determined Contributions → mitigating the climate change."

Answer 4

1) UN REDD+ → COP-19 Warsaw → Mechanism of UNFCCC → Creates a financial value→Carbon stored in forest → Incentives to developing countries → (i) To reduce → CO2 emission; (ii) Investment→low carbon path. 2) Result based payment → Result based actions; Assistance for Countries → To develop capacities. 3) Capacity building → (i) National forest monitoring; (ii) National REDD+ Governance; (iii)Green economy; (iv) Knowledge management etc."

Answer 5

1) Significance → (i) Mitigation → Global warming → Increasing the carbon sink; (ii) Security → Food; Fuel; Fiber; Shelter → Indigenous people; (iii)Proactive measures to reverse → Forest habitat fragmentation; (iv) Improved livelihood → Carbon payment; (v) Cancun safeguard → Minimizing social risk; (vi) Biodiversity conservation → Through forest expansion; (vii) GIS tool → Better tracking → Progressive measures."

Answer 6

1) Limitations → (i) Doesn't target → Individuals/Corporate → Responsible for massive deforestation; (ii) Uncertainty → Forest definition; (iii) Opaqueness → MRV; (iv) Static drivers of deforestation → Barrier for sustainable development; (v) Didn't calculate → Socio-cultural knowledge systems; (vi) Carbon credits → Flooding the market → Reduce carbon price further."

Answer 7

1) International Initiatives: (i) Forest carbon partnership facility; (ii) Norway's International climate & Forest initiative; (iii) Global environment facility; (iv) Australia's international forest carbon initiative; (v) Green climate fund. 2) Indian initiatives: (i) INDC → 2.5 to 3 billion tones → By 2030; (ii) Green India mission; (iii) National afforestation program; (iv) Green highways policy."

Answer 8

1) Namami gange programme → Flagship programme → Twin objectives → (i) Effective abatement → Pollution; (ii)Conservation & Rejuvenation→ National river Ganga. 2) Main pillars → (i) Sewage treatment infrastructure; (ii) River front development; (iii)River surface cleaning; (iv) Bio-diversity; (v)Afforestation; (vi) Public awareness; (vii) Industrial effluent monitoring; (viii) Ganga gram."

Answer 9

1) (i) Entry level activities → immediate visible impact; (ii) Medium term activities→Timeline→5 years; (iii) Long term activities → Timeline → 10 years. 2) National Ganga Council → Commanding authority → Implementation of NMCG → Chairman: Prime minister → Functions → (i) Prevention → Pollution; (ii) Rejuvenation → Basin states; (iii)Improvement → Vegetation; (iv) Ensure → Natural continuity → Water flow. 3) Empowered task force → Minister for water development: Chairmanship → (i) Action plan; (ii) Monitoring & Coordination → other ministries. 4) (i)State Ganga committee → (i) Superintendence; (ii) Direction; (iii) Control → District Ganga protection committee.; (ii) District Ganga committee → Micro specific measures→Local level [Example: Constructing STPs → Highly dense Industrial clusters]"

Answer 10

1) Inflate → Sewerage treatment capacity → 4950 MLD → Under Construction. 2) Online continuous effluent monitoring system → 85/1072 grossly polluted industries. 3) River front development → Construction & Modernization → Ghats 4) Emphasized → River surface cleaning → Hotspots → Treatment of surface water 5) Ganga praharis → Conservation of biodiversity → Endangered species → Gangetic dolphin; Gharial; Smooth coated otter etc. 6) Increase the green cover → Ganga basin states→ 134000 hectares → afforestation. 7) Public awareness → components → (i) Information; (ii)Education; (iii)Communication → River Ganga."

Answer 11

1) Challenges: (i) High water extraction → Agriculture and ancillary activities → Impact in river flows; (ii) Poor behavior → Eco friendly rituals; (iii) Cremation; Bathing; Open defecation→ River bank; (iv) Untreated sewage → Tanneries & other Industries; (v) Dredging & Sand mining → Affect the substratum; (vi) Substandard liner → transports."

Answer 12

1) Schemes: (i) Environmental protection act-1986 → National Ganga River Basin Authority; (ii) Clean ganga fund; (iii) Bhuvan-ganga web app; (iv) E-flows."

Answer 13

1) EIA rules-2006 → Assessment → Environmental consequences → Plan; Policy; Program; Project etc. → Aid in taking precautionary measures→Mitigating the ramifications. 2) Objectives: (i) Predict → Economic; Environmental & Social impact; (ii) Information → Environmental consequences; (iii) Promote → Sound environmental governance."

Answer 14

1) Screening → Project → suitability of Environmental clearance → Criteria → (a) Location; (b) Scale of investment; (c) Type of development. 2) (i) Scoping → Detailed analysis → Inputs from consultant + Guidelines of MOEFCC → Quantifiable impact prediction → Socio-economic criteria; (ii) Baseline data → Site specific → Primary + Secondary data. 3) Impact prediction → mapping possible impact → Multi-pronged strategy → possible precautions → Air; Noise; Water; Land; Biological parameters. 4) Assessing the alternatives → Project location & Process technologies → Mitigation plan + EMP → Clear information to Decision maker. → Along with uncertainties. 5) Public hearing → likely affected people → (i) Access to Executive summary; (ii) Opportunity→ Oral/Written suggestions → SPCB; EMP → Mitigation delineation; Unmitigated impacts; Financial plan; Physical planning 6) Decision making → Consultation process → Project proponent & Impact assessment authority → Environmental clearance → EIA & EMP. 7) Draft EIA notification-2020 → (i) Reduced time → Public hearing; (ii) Classification → Increased further; (iii) Public participation → Absent → Post compliance etc."

Answer 15

1) (i) Promotes → Sound environmental governance; (ii) Cost saving modifications → Project design; (iii) Avoided impact & Violations → Laws & Regulations; (iv) Project performance → Cut above the optimum; (v) Fewer conflicts → Natural resource; (vi) Increased Community."

Answer 16

1) (i) Lackadaisical coverage → Ecological & Socio-economic indicators; (ii) Public comments→Not taken in early stage → Conflict in final stages; (iii) Projects → Significant Environment & Social impacts→ Exclusion → Mandatory public hearing; (iv) Indigenous knowledge of tribes → Not considered; (v) No provision → Registering the compliant."

Answer 17

1) (i) Increasing the time → Public hearing; Strategic projects → should get more scrutinization; (ii)Simplification → Bureaucratic role; (iii)Informed decision making → Public; (iv)Inclusion of local people → Annual report formation; (v) Penalty for firm → need to be rationalized."

Answer 18

1) Oil palm → Highest oil yielding crop → Native to Southwest Africa → Species: guineensis → Per hectare Productivity → Very high → than any other oil crops. 2) Palm oil → cheap fat → Tropical countries → multiple utilities [Example: Madagascar; Malaysia; Indonesia; Philippines; Sri Lanka; India etc. 3) Uses: Pharma & Cosmetics; Food products; Bakeries & Pastries; Lubricants; Emulsifiers; Paint manufacturing; Biofuel & Energy applications etc."

Answer 19

1) NMEO-OP → Centrally sponsored scheme → Focus area → Northeast region; Andaman & Nicobar island → Targets: (i) Increasing area & Productivity; (ii) Assistance → Seed garden; (iii) Price assurance. 2) Effects: (i) Aid → Doubling farmer's income by 2022; (ii) Ensure → cheap palm oil; (iii) Save → Precious forex reserve; (iv) Pristine region → Prone to deteriorate; (v) Endangered species → One horn rhino; Hoolock gibbon etc. → Habitat fragmentation → Will go extinction."

Answer 20

1) Ever expanding cropping area → Shrinking tropical forest → Spike the C02 Emission → Global warming. 2) Mono-cultural practices → Increase the pest infestation → Utilization of pesticides →Increased. 3) Oil palm cropping → Habitat fragmentation & Habitat destruction → Tropical species → Verge of extinction. [Example: Asian rhinos; Elephants; Tigers; Orangutans etc.] 4) Reduced biodiversity → Destruction to biodiversity hotspots → Invasive species. 5) Oil palm plantation → Agricultural process → Loosen the soil → Nutrient influx → Due to soil erosion. 6) Over cropping → deplete the soil fertility → Land degradation → Desertification. 7) Expanding palm oil plantation → Evict the tribes. [Example: Kalimantan state → Borneo] 8) Outbreak of zoonotic diseases → Deforestation → Tropical land scape."

Answer 21

1) (i) Promotion of alternatives → Rape seed; Sunflower oil etc.; (ii) Olive oil plantation → Desert zone →To offset the slump; (iii) WHO REPLACE program → Trans-fat → Impact the consumption → Palm oil; (iv) Awareness program → Benefits of Heterotrophic algal oil →; (v) Higher R&D allocations → Increasing the productivity/Area → To reduce → Area under palm cultivation."

Answer 22

1) Initiatives: (i) Rain forest alliance; (ii) Rain forest action network; (iii) ITTO (iv) GRASP; (v) SOCP."

Answer 23

1) Marine pollution → Chemicals & Trash from continent → Washed into Ocean → Damage to Environment; Health of organisms & Economic structures. 2) Majority of waste → Runoff [Example: Single use plastics]; Continental shelf→More prone to pollution."

Answer 24

1) Nonpoint sources → Spatial & Temporal variation → Run off → Ground to oceans [Example: Precipitation → Runoff → Leftover oil → To ocean basin → Dead zone] 2) Intentional discharge → Manufacturing plants → Toxic waste [Example: Mercury; Cadmium; Nickel etc] → Through sewage → Polluting the ocean. 3) Oil spills → Cargo carrier → High density furnace oil & Hydrocarbons → Devastate the fragile area. [Example: Oil spill in Mauritius] 4) Deep ocean mining → Disrupt the surface layer → Release of nutrients & Breakage of CO2 sinks → Alteration in Parameters → Marine pollution. 5) Thermal plants → Coolant for power generation → Crude release of coolants → Spike in temperature → Dissolved oxygen reduction → Hypoxic condition."

Answer 25

1) Economical impact: (i) Reduction in fisheries → Poor export → Lower Forex reserves; (ii) Higher resource allocation → Mitigation & Adaptation. 2) Environmental impact: (i) Marine planktons → Elimination; (ii) Prey base → Tertiary animals → Reduced; (iii)Addition of nutrients → Eutrophication; (iv) Coral bleaching; (v) Habitat fragmentation → Endemic species → Extinction; (vi) Bioaccumulation & Bio-magnification → Food chain. 3) Social impact: (i) Impact the Livelihood→Vulnerable fisherman population;(ii) Eutrophication → Hypoxia → Poisonous gases → Impact the health; (iii) Poor availability of protein source → Malnutrition; (iv) Poor Reproductive health → Marine organisms & Humans."

Answer 26

1) (i) Conservation of water → Less runoff; (ii) Substitutes → Non-toxic chemicals → Industries; (iii) 3R principles; (iv) Shop wisely → Less plastic → Reusable bag; (iv)Stop → single use plastics; (vi) Renewables → Energy basket; (vi) Practice → Safe boating; (vii) Respect → Healthy habitat & Survival; (viii) Co-generation → Thermal plant coolants."

Answer 27

1) India: India-Norway Marine pollution initiative; (ii) Biological diversity act-2002; (iii) Plastic waste management rules-2016; (iv) ICZM 2) International: (i) Global partnership on marine litter; (ii) GW2 I; (iii) UN sustainable development; (iv) Marpol convention"

Answer 28

1) Hazardous waste → Potential threat → (i) Ignitability; (ii) Reactivity; (iii) Corrosiveness; (iv) Toxicity → Traits of Hazardous waste → (a)Soluble in Oil; (b) Long life time; (c)Bioaccumulation and Bio-magnification etc. → Danger to Health & Environment. 2) Compliance → Basel convention; Rotterdam convention & Stockholm convention; 3) Examples: (i) Used Engine oil; (ii) Paints & Emulsifiers; (iii) Mercury containing waste; (iv) Electronics etc."

Answer 29

1) Hierarchy → Waste management → Prevention; Minimization; Reuse; Recycling; Recovery; Co-processing & Safe disposal; (ii) Scope expansion → 'Other waste'. 2) Revision of forms → Import; Export; Transportation; Annual returns→Stringent approach; (ii) Co-processing → Preferential mechanism → Supplementary resource / Energy from waste; Approval process → Streamlined with Emission norms. 3) SOPs → To protect → Environment & Health → Processing Industry → Authorization by SPCB; Single window clearance → Hazardous waste disposal facility & Imports; Process of Import/Export → Simplified Documentation → Revision in list of pollutants. 4) Exception list for Ministry approval: Metal scrap; Paper waste; Electrical & Electronics equipment; (ii) State government's role → Sound waste management → (i) Industrial space; (ii) Registering the workers; (iii) Formation of groups; (iv) Skill development activities 5) Annual inventory → SPCB report → CPCP; State government → Implementation plan → Annual report to MOEFCC. 6) 2019 Amendment rules: Prohibition of Import → Solid plastic waste; Exempted → Silk waste exports; Reimporting → Defective electronic goods."

Answer 30

1) Significance: (i) Scope → Expanded by including 'Other waste'; (ii) Cumbersome procedures → Replaced with Single window clearance → Import/Export; (iii) Segmentation of States' role → Hazardous waste management; (iv) Annual inventory → Tracking → Safe disposal of waste; (v) Importance of Co-processing → Optimization → Energy intensity."

Answer 31

1) E-waste →Loosely discarded, obsolete, broken electric & electronic devices → Cycle after their lifetime → Refurbishment; Reuse; Resale; Recycle & Disposal; Sources of E-waste→Information & Technology Equipment; Communication equipment; Consumer electric & electronic devices etc. 2) E-waste Management: Segregation of E-waste → Two variants → (i) Usable part [Example: Precious metals] → Recycle; Reuse; Refurbishment; (ii) Hazardous waste → Safe disposal → Incineration; Pyrolysis etc."

Answer 32

1) (i) Applicability: Components; Consumables; Spares; Schedule I → Equipment; CFL; Mercury containing lamp etc.; (ii) Collection mechanism: Extended Producer Responsibility → Collection point → Collection center. 2) Functional mechanism of E-waste collection: (i) Producer responsibility organization; (ii) E-waste exchange; (iii) E-retailer; (iv)Deposit refund scheme. 3) (i) Authorization by CPCB → Establishing Extended Producer responsibility; (ii) Additional stakeholders: Manufacturer; Dealer; Refurbisher etc. 4) Collection & Channelization of E-waste → Extended Producer Responsibility → Schedule-III; Deposit refund scheme → Deposit during purchase → Return with interest → End of product lifetime. 5) (i) Manufacturer → Responsibility → Collect E-waste → Manufacturing Process; (ii) Dealer → Responsibility → Collection of E-waste→Behalf of producer; (iii) Dealer; Retailer/E-Retailer → Deposit Refund scheme. 6) (i) Liability provision: Improper management & violations → Monetary penalty; (ii) Urban local bodies → Channelizing the waste → Dismantler."

Answer 33

1) Significance: (i) E-waste rules → Purview → Containing mercury & CFL → Ideal waste reduction; (ii) Detailed mechanism → Aggregation to segregation → E-waste management; (iii) Deposit Refund scheme → Educate the customers → Toxic E-waste constituents; (iv) Recognition of State's role → Waste handling & Health; (v) Stakeholder responsibility & Customer centric awareness → Hone the waste management."

Answer 34

1) Limitation: (i) No financial mechanism → Upgradation of Technology → E-waste segregation; (ii) State's role → Registration → Curtailed; (iii) Technology → GPS & RFID → Tracking the movement → Absent; (iv) Rag pickers & Kabadiwalas' Participation → Collection & Separation → Unaddressed."

Answer 35

1) International: (i) StEP; (ii)WEEE Flows; (iii) IEMN → Awareness campaign (iv) China → The Impact. 2) India: (i) E-waste management rules; (ii) Swachh bharat; (iii) Design for Environment (DfE)."

Answer 36

1) Biomedical waste → Any waste → Infectious/Potentially infectious → Activities → Diagnosis; Prevention; Treatment etc. [Examples: Human anatomical waste; Animal waste; Microbiological specimens; Syringes; Scalpels etc.] 2) Advantages of Biomedical waste management: (i) Golden Opportunity → Recycling; (ii) Avoidance → Illegal use → Pharma products; (iii) Prevent harmful waste → General municipal waste load; (iv) Safe disposal procedure → Harmful toxic pollutant; Safety → Health workers; Patient etc."

Answer 37

1) (i) Expansion in Application → Vaccination camps; Blood donation camps; Surgical camps etc.; (ii) Timeline → Phasing out → Chlorinated plastic bags; Blood bags; Gloves etc. 2) Barcode system → Container/Bags → Biomedical waste → Disposal. 3) Measures for Pre-treatment → Onsite-Sterilization → Microbiological waste; Blood bags; Blood samples etc. → WHO &NACO Standards. 4) (i) Classification of Biomedical waste → 4 categories → To streamline Segregation → In Source itself; (ii) Measures → Report → Major accidents. 5) (i) Stringent rules → Incinerators → Emission standard [Example: Dioxin; Furan]; (ii) Two year time → Achieving the standards → Retention time→Secondary chamber. 6) State government → Land facility → Common waste treatment Facility. 7) (i)Operator → Common facility → Ensures timely collection; (ii) Health care facility → Awareness & Immunization → All workers. 8) Amendment Rules-2018: (i) Phased out → Chlorinated bags by 2019; (ii) Enforcement → Annual report → All healthcare facilities → Within two years; (iii) GPS & Barcode → Transport of Biomedical waste."

Answer 38

1) Limitations: (i) No guidelines → Deal with Pandemic → Mass waste generation; (ii) Confusion → Between CPCB guidelines & BWMR-2016; (iii) Data monitoring → Biomedical waste generation → Abysmal [Example: CPCB under reported about biomedical treatment facility to the NGT]; (iv) Penal provisions → Violating facilities → Absent; (v) RFID tag → Better tracking & Less time consumption → Instead of Barcode; (vi) Common facility → Every 30 kilometer → Swift transport → Instead of 70 KM."

Answer 39

1) Significance: (i) Amendment rules-2018 → Helped the Healthcare facilities → Covid-19 certain extent; (ii) Awareness → Health workers → Proactive measures in handling; (iii) GPS in transport → Better tracking → Source to Incineration; (iv) BWMR rules-2016 → In compliance → Basel convention → Hazardous waste → To protect → Environment & Health; (v) Emission standards → Dioxin & Furan → Reduction in carcinogens → Surrounding environment of HCF; (vi) Phased out → Chlorinated bags → Decreased harmful pollutants."

Answer 40

1) Solid Waste → Any garbage or Refuse/Sludge → Industrial & Commercial establishments; Agriculture; Mining etc. → Solid; Liquid; Semi-solid state; Solid waste components-Household waste; Construction & demolition debris; E-waste etc. 2) Impact: (i) Infectious disease; (ii) Water & Air pollution; (iii) Obstruction in seepage; (iv) Bio-accumulation & Bio-magnification → Food chain; (v) Loss of Biodiversity etc."

Answer 41

1) Applicability → Beyond Municipal area: (i) Agglomerations; Census Towns; Notified Industrial Townships; Defense Establishments; SEZ etc.; (ii) SEZ; Industrial parks → 5% of land → Waste handling & Treatment. 2) Emphasize → Source segregation → Principles → 3R [Reduce; Reuse; Recycle] 3) Segregation → Three streams → Wet; Dry & Hazardous waste; Integration → Rag pickers; Waste-dealers; 4) (i) Generator → User fee → Waste collectors; (ii) Spot fine → Littering & Non-segregation. 5) Guidelines → Sanitary pads & Diapers → Disposal mechanism → Non-Hazardous waste. 6) (i) Residential associations; Gated communities; Institutions → Greater than 5000 sq.m → Waste segregation at Source; (ii) New-townships/Group housing societies → In-house waste handling. 7) Bio-degradable waste → Composting/Biomethanation; Residual waste → Waste-collectors → Local authority. 8) (i) Construction & Demolition waste → Disposed-off separately; (ii) Non-recyclable waste → Calorific value-1500K/Cal/Kg → Energy generation; (iii) High calorific waste → Co-processing → Thermal/Cement plants. 9) Other provisions: (i)Waste-management → Events, above 100 persons; Awareness drives → Concern product → Manufacturer; Brand-owner; Marketing companies. 10)Plastic waste management amendment rules-2018: (i) Phasing out → Multilayered Plastic; (ii) Central registration system → Importer; Producer; Brand owner."

Answer 42

1) Significance: (i) Jurisdiction Coverage → Addressed the waste generation → In all terrain; (ii) Source segregation to Management → Comprehensive action plan; (iii) Emphasize on Importance → Waste Management plan → In new Townships etc.; (iv) Include → Rag pickers & Kabadiwalas → Streamline the collection process; (v) Waste → Power generation → Economic & Environmental benefits."

Answer 43

1) (i) Emphasize → On penalty; Not on Incentives; (ii) Devolution of power → States is poor → Highly centralized system; (iii)Informal sector → Only in paper → Absence of mechanism → Integration → Waste management; (iv) Guidelines → Red handed the Violators → Absent; (v) Behavioral related measures → Educational institutions → Un-addressed."

Answer 44

1) Plastic → Polymeric Material → Very large Molecule size → Non-biodegradable → Accumulation in environment → Affect the parameters → Ecosystem and it's components. 2) Impact: (i) Contaminate the food chain; (ii) Release toxic substance → Dioxin; Furan etc.; (iii) Obstruct → Development of marine organism [Plankton; Cetaceans; Marine turtles etc.] (iv) Catalyst → Dead zone formation & Eutrophication; (v) Spike the carcinogen → Cancer; Hepatitis B & C etc."

Answer 45

1) Objective: (i) Plastic waste minimization; (ii) Source segregation; (iii) Recycling. 2) Prime Target → Uncollected Plastic waste → 6000 tonnes/day → Principle: Extended Producer Responsibility → Producers; Manufacturers & Industries. 3) Jurisdiction Expansion → Including Rural areas too; Escalate the size → 40 to 50 microns. 4) Responsibilities → Producers & Generators → Collect back system & Plastic waste management system. 5) Plastic Waste Management Fee → Pre-registration → Producers, Importers & Vendors → Collecting, Handling & Recycling → Plastic waste. 6) Promote → Plastic waste → Utilitarian purposes → Road construction; Energy recovery; Waste to oil etc. 7) User charge responsibility →Waste generators → Determined by Local authority 8) 2021 Amendment: (i) Sub rule-2 → Prohibit the Single-use plastic [Example: Plastic flags; Ice-cream sticks; Candy-sticks; Cups & Plates etc.] (ii) Plastic carry bags → Thickness → 50 to 120 micron; (iii)Details → Manufacturer & Register number → Exception: Multi-layer packaging → Import goods (iv) Rule 3 → Definition → (a) Non-Woven plastic bags; (b) Thermo-plastic (iii) Thermoset plastic."

Answer 46

1) (i)Timeline → banning Single use plastic → Major headache → Global community; (ii) Rural area → Under the purview; (iii) Increase in micron → Reduction in consumption → High cost; (iv) Utility measures [Example: Plastic Road construction] → Waste to resource; (v) Trace the waste generation → From Source itself."

Answer 47

1) Criticism: (i) Government failure → Interim Tax reimbursements → Compliant companies → To offset the Additional cost → Plastic waste management; (ii)Emphasize → Plastic Waste management & not Plastic waste reduction; (iii) Didn't provide Guidelines → Alternatives → Soft transient; (iv) No measures → Mineral water bottles [PET] → Large component → Plastic pollution; (v) No mechanism/Scheme → Implementation of EPR."

Answer 48

1) India: (i) Swachh Bharat Mission; (ii) Ban on Single use plastic by 2022; (iii) Plastic Waste Management rules – 2016 & 2021; (iv) UPC initiative 2) International Initiative: (i) Global Tourism Plastic Initiative; (ii) GPML."

Answer 49

1) Tribes & Forest → Positive reciprocity → Since historical time period; Interdependence → Customary rules & Procedures; Beliefs & Rituals. 2) Origin of FRA-2006 → Indian forest act-1865,1894 &1927"

Answer 50

1) (i) Restitution of Forest rights → Forest dwelling communities & Other traditional forest dwellers → Individual & Community → Resided for 3 generation and above [Generation → 25 years] → Common property resources; (ii) Scope → Integrating historic opportunity & Livelihood. 2) Maximum limit → Recognizing right → 4 hectares; Rights → Heritable but Inalienable. 3) Applicability of FRA → (i) National Parks; (ii) Wildlife Sanctuaries; (iii) Protected & Reserve Forest. 4) Recognition → Right of Ownership → Collect, Use & Dispose Minor Forest Produce [MFP]; MFP → Bamboo; Cashew kernel; Mahul leaves; Nagod; Gamhar etc.; 5) Provision → Diversion of Forest land → Schools; Hospitals; Anganwadis; Drinking water supply; Telecommunication & Electric lines etc. 6) Eviction Process → Detailed Verification procedure → Standard operating procedure. 7) Gram Sabha → Competent authority → Individual & Community rights."

Answer 51

1) Conservation measures → Traditional essence → Participation of Tribal population → Restitution of their rights too. 2) FRA 2006 → Streamline the principles → 5th and 6th schedule of constitution → Assert their livelihood. 3) Community rights → Recognized → 1st time → History of Indian statutes. Developmental rights → Balanced with conservation 4) FRA-2006 → Sensitize the tribal population → Stumble the Naxalism movement. 5) FRA-2006 → Protective mechanism → Traditional knowledge & Intellectual Property Rights. 6) Potential tool → Democratize → Forest governance → Above 1 lakh Villages → Red corridor zone."

Answer 52

1) Challenges: (i) Bureaucratic reluctance; (ii) Outsiders/Dikus → Encroachment & Illegal occupation; (iii) FRA → Degree of tilt is high → Individual rights; (iv)Tribal segment → Low bargaining strength → State governments → Diluting the provisions; (v)Technical lacuna → Implementation by Gram sabha; (vi) Tribal innocence → Prey base → Greedy moneylenders."

Answer 53

1) Initiatives: (i) Forest bureaucracy → Infuse their technical knowledge → FRA implementation; (ii) Central government → Encourage the states → people participation; (iii) Geo-tagging → Land resource → allocated to tribes; (iv) NGO→Information dissemination → Including grass-root level officials; (v) Micro scale → Detailed project report → Devolving the rights → To Tribes."

Answer 54

1) NGT Act-2010 → National Green Tribunal → Fast track court → Efficacious & swift disposal of cases → Natural resources, Environmental protection, Conservation of Biodiversity & Forest → Within 6 months; Apex court → NGT → Suo-moto powers. 2) Guiding principle → (i) Principle of Natural Justice; (ii) Polluter Pays Principle; (iii) Principle of Sustainable Development; (iv)Precautionary Principle. 3) Section-6 → Structure: (i) Chairperson; Judicial members & Expert members; Appointment → Central government → In consultation → CJI; (ii) Tenure → 5 years; No reappointment. 4) Initiatives: (i) Save Mon Federation Vs Union of India case → NGT suspended → 6000crore Hydro project; (ii) Curbing → Noise pollution → Noise pollution rules-2000; (iii) Preventive & Remediation measures → River Mandovi; River Sutlej & Beas."

Answer 55

1) Jurisdiction: (i) Civil case → Substantial factor → Environment → Inclusion → Legal right Enforcement → (a) Water Act-1974; (b) Water cess Act-1977; (c) Forest Act-1980; (d) Air Act-1981; (e) Environmental Protection Act-1986; (f) Public Liability Insurance Act-1991; (g) Biological Diversity Act-2002; (ii) Appellate Jurisdiction → To hear cases. 2) Appeal procedure: Verdict of NGT → Appeal → Apex court. 3) Exception: NGT → No Jurisdiction → Wildlife Protection Act-1972; Civil procedure code - 1908; 4) Relief measures for Victim: NGT → Judgements → (i) Compensation; (ii) Restoration & Reimbursement → Damaged assets & Devastated Environment. 5) Penal Provisions: Non-compliance → (i) Imprisonment → Up to Three years; (ii) Monetary penalty → Up to 10 crores (iii) Both Monetary fine & Imprisonment."

Answer 56

1) Rise of NGT → India → Front runner → Environmental protection → Global arena. 2) Principle of Natural justice → Prevail over the Technicalities → Prompt Justice. 3) Functions of NGT → Catalyst for India → Achieving Paris targets → Environmental protection & Conservation measures; (ii) Suo-moto power → NGT → Proactive measures → Preventing the pollution. 4) Timeline for Disposal → Reduction → Case pendency load → Judiciary. [Example: Between 2011 & 2019 → NGT disposed → 28000 cases]"

Answer 57

1) (i) Decision of NGT → Stalling the Industrial expansion; (ii) Absence of Principles → Determination of compensation; (iii) Judgements → challenged in High court; (iv) Contradiction → Judgement & Time frame; (v) Absence of jurisdiction → Wildlife protection report-1972 & Forest rights act-2006."

Answer 58

1) (i) Delineation → Between High court & NGT; (ii) Three tier monitoring mechanism → Implementing the NGT verdict; (iii) Aligning the principles → Economic development & Environmental protection; (iv) Data analytics → Monitoring the pendency."

Answer 59

1) Biological diversity → Measurement → Variety of life → Flora & Fauna → All levels → Genes to Ecosystems → Domain → Evolutionary, Ecological & cultural process → To sustain life. 2) Objectives of Biological diversity act: (i) Safeguarding traditional knowledge; (ii) Preservation of threatened species; (iii) Prevention of bio-piracy."

Answer 60

1) National Biodiversity Authority: (i) Advisory role → To conserve biodiversity; (ii) Selection process → Biological heritage sites; (iii)Stringent measures → Intellectual Property rights → Sustainable utilization; 2) State Biodiversity Act → Section 22 → Biological diversity act: (i) Advisory role → State government→Biodiversity values→Equitable distribution→Conservation & Sustainable utilization; (ii) Regulatory role→Grants & Approvals→Commercial utilization. 3) Biodiversity Management Committee→ (i) Mandatory role → People's Biodiversity Register; (ii)Education & Awareness → Biodiversity → Local people; (iii)Threatened species→Protection & Rehabilitation [Example: Cheetah rehabilitation project]; 4) Section 2 of Income tax act → Foreigner, Foreign body corporate & NRI → Government approval → Obtaining biological knowledge & Resource"

Answer 61

1) (i) Specific role → Energy & Nutrient circulation; (ii) Diverse ecosystem→Greater resilience→ Environmental stress; (iii) Biodiversity → Reservoir of resources [Food,, Medicinal & other Pharmaceuticals etc.]; (iv) Economical utility; (v) Source of Eco-Tourism → Forex reserves;"

Answer 62

1) (i) Anthropogenic activities → Habitat fragmentation& Deterioration; [Example: Tropical Forest → Shrinking than any other forest → Southeast Asia → Palm oil cultivation → Orangutan → Critically Endangered.] (ii) Deforestation → Ramp up → CO2 emission → Carbon sink; (iii) Desertification → Decrease soil organic matter → Reduction → Water infiltration & Fertility;(iv) Rampant wildlife trade (v) CO2 emission → Increase in concentration → Plant function → Detrimental factor."

Answer 63

1) BHS → Unique; Ecologically Fragile Ecosystem → Terrestrial; Coastal; Inland &Marine → Section-37 → State government → Biological heritage sites. 2) Components: species richness; High endemism; Rare endemic species; Ancestors of species; Pre-eminence of biological components"

Answer 64

1) International: (i) CBD; (ii) CITES; (iii) CMS; (iv) IPPC; (v)IWC 2) India: (i) WPA act-1972; (ii) PCA act-1960; (iii) EPA act-1986; (iv) Project tiger etc."

Answer 65

1) Area → 500m from HTL + Land → Between HTL & LTL → Declares as CRZ →1991. 2) High tide line → Highest water line → Spring tide; Low tide line → Lowest water line → Spring tide. 3) Importance: (i) Protection → Ecologically sensitive area [Mangroves; Coral reefs; Sea grass bed etc] (ii) Livelihood → Fishing communities; (iii) Resilient measures → Mitigation; (iv) Balance → Development & Conservation."

Answer 66

1) CRZ-I → No new construction→Exception [Atomic energy; Trans harbor sea link]; Between LTL &HTL → (i)Exploration → Natural gas; (ii) Basic amenities → School, Roads etc; (iii) Salt harvest; (iv) Non-hazardous storage → Cargo; (v) Desalination plants. 2) CRZ-II → Area developed to Shoreline → Municipal limits → Village and Towns → (i) Buildings → Landward side (ii)Desalination plants; (iii)Regulated constructions. 3) CRZ-III → Undistributed area → (i) Between 0-200 meters → HTL → No Development zone → No construction [Exceptions: Agriculture; Forestry; Atomic Energy; Rare minerals; Regasification units etc] (ii)Between 200-500 meters → HTL → Activities in 0-200 meters + Construction of Houses & Tourism. 4) CRZ-IV → Aquatic area → Low tide line to Territorial limits → (i)No restriction → Traditional Fishing; (ii)Prohibition→Untreated sewage dumping. 5) 2018 notification: (i) No development zone → Reduced; (ii) CRZ-III → Two separate categories: (a) CRZ-III A → Rural areas → High Population density → No development zone → 50 meters from HTL; (b) CRZ-III B → Rural areas → Low Population density → 200 meters from HTL."

Answer 67

1) Recommendations: (i) Permission → Housing infrastructure; (ii) Slum → Redevelopment & Reorientation; (iii) Devolution of powers → States (iv) Temporary tourism → NDZ 2) Importance: Inputs → Shailesh Nayak Committee → Bedrock for CRZ rules 2018."

Answer 68

1) Significance: (i) Fragile ecosystems → Endemic species → Food chain; (ii) Conserve & Protect → Coastal stretches → Preventing Marine Pollution; (iii)Livelihood → Fishing & Local communities; (iv) Developmental process → Scientific principles → Sea level rise, natural hazards; (v) Landward → Coastal shore → Vulnerable human habitats; (vi) High density human population. [Example: 200 million Europeans → Within 50Km from shore]"

Answer 69

1) India: (i) Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan; (ii) Island Protection Zone; (iii) COMAPS 2) International initiatives: (i) Blue Flag Certification; (ii) Mangroves For Future; (iii) WWF → Coastal community led conservation."

Answer 70

1) State wetland authority: Head → State Environment minister; Functions: (i) Activity → Regulation & Permission; (ii) Prohibition → Certain activities → Specific wetlands; (iii) Awareness → Stakeholders & Local people → Sustainable utilization. 2) Prohibited activities: Conversion → Non wetland purpose → Prohibited [Encroachment; Industrial expansion; Waste dumping; Effluents & Domestic discharge] 3) Digital inventory: State authorities → Responsibility → Comprehensive Digital Inventory → To be updated → Every 10 years. 4) National Wetland Committee: Head → Secretary [MOEFCC]; Functions: (i) Monitoring → States' activities; (ii) Recommend the designation → International importance; (iii) Advisory role."

Answer 71

1) (i) Dilution → Strong monitoring system; (ii) Omitted → Importance → Wetland types; (iii) No authority → Issuing Binding directions → Detrimental factor → Wetland conservation; (iv) Red tapism → Compliance."

Answer 72

1) Mitigate the floods → Protect the Coastlines. [Example: Andaman & Nicobar Islands] 2) Wetland → Livelihood →1million people 3) Source → Fuel, Food, Fiber, Fodder [Example: Sea grass] 4) Genetic resource → Several Species & Medicine 5) Carbon sequestration → Peatland 6) Economical importance →Transport, Tourism, Cultural & Spiritual value. [Example: Vembanad Lagoon] 7) Nutrient filtration → Bioremediation & Biodegradation [Example: East Kolkata Wetlands]"

Answer 73

1) Agriculture expansion → Paddy fields; Aquaculture → Shrimp cultivation → Quality deterioration → Wetland [Example: Lake Chilika]; Salinization → Groundwater → Exploitation. 2) Pollution load → Fertilizers & Pesticides → Eutrophication. [Example: Lake Wular] 3) Developmental pressure → Industries → Effluents & Encroachment [Example: Lake Bellandur] 4) Hydrological activities → Construction Activities → Dam, Canals, Streams etc. 5) Dredging in Streams → Lower water table → Wetland → Drying. 6) Exotic species → Salvinia &Water hyacinth → Eliminate native vegetation. 7) Climate change → Spatial & Temporal Variation → Frequency & Intensity → Precipitation, Drought etc."

Answer 74

1) International initiatives: (i) Ramsar convention → Montreux Record → Wetlands → International importance; (ii) Wetland international → BLiSS; LIFE project → Europe; Wetland reserve program → USA; PREZOH → IUCN. 2) Indian Initiatives: (i) Wetland rules → 2010 & 2017; (ii) NPCA; (iii) CWCM;"

Answer 75

1) Wetland → Dynamic aquatic ecosystem → Area of land → Saturated with water → Seasonal/Permanent → Except Antarctica. 2) Natural Wetlands: Mangroves, Marshes, Rivers, Lakes, Floodplains, Paddy fields. Marine areas → Depth → below 6 meters → Low tide. 3) Human made wetlands: Waste water ponds, Reservoirs, Salt pans etc. 4) India → 4.6% of land → 15 million hectares → Wetland."

Answer 76

1) Ramsar convention → Intergovernmental pact → Objective → Conservation + Wise use → Wetlands' initiative → International, National, Local level. 2) Three pillars → (i) Wise use; (ii) List of wetlands → International importance; (iii) International cooperation. 3) Criteria: (i) Representative, Rare, Unique → Natural/Near natural wetland. (ii) Species → Vulnerable, Endangered, critically endangered; (iii) Plant/Animal species → Biological diversity; (iv) Plant /Animal species → Critical stage → Life cycles; (v) Water birds → Above 20,000; (vi) Individuals → 1% of species (vii)Significant proportion→Indigenous fish species. 4) IOPs → (i) Birdlife International; (ii) IUCN; (iii) IWMI; (iv) Wetlands International; (v) WWF; (vi) WWT. 5) Other partners: UNCCD; CMS; UNCBD; World Heritage Convention; CITES."

Answer 77

1) Montreux record → Register for wetlands → International importance → Parameter → Ecological character → Technological developments; Pollution; Human interference. 2) Criteria: (i) Change → Ecological character → Human interference; [Example: Keoladeo National Park; Loktak lake]"

Answer 78

1) Project Funding → Multilateral development bank; Bilateral donors. 2) Voluntary Contributions → UNEP, UNDP, NGOs etc."

Answer 79

1) Only International treaty → Specific ecosystem. 2) Focus of treaty → Water birds' habitats. 3) Trans-boundary initiatives → Promotes Environmental integrity. 4) Wetlands →30 % of Land based Carbon → Peatland → Foster CO2 sequestration. 5) Ensures the compliance → Nation's initiative."

Answer 80

1) EPA → Empower → Central government → Prevent & Control → Environmental pollution; EPA → tackle Specific issue → different states. 2) Constitutional provisions: (i) Article 48A → Protect & Improve → Forest, Wildlife & Environment; (ii) Article-51A → Fundamental duties → Protect & Improve → Natural environment; (iii) Article 253 → Enactment → Effecting → International agreements. 3) Objectives: (i) Coordination → Activities → Different agencies (ii) Sustainable development → Environment (iii) Ensure → Right to life → Article-21"

Answer 81

1) Act → Empowers the Central government → Appropriate measures → Prevention, Control & abatement → Pollution. 2) Central government / Authorized person → Collect samples → Air, Water, Soil etc. → Evidence → Offence. 3) Special procedure → Handling → Hazardous substance; Central government → Directives → Operations, Process, Closure, Regulation → Any Industry. 4) Penal provision: Minimum 5 years → Jail term/Fine/both. 5) Grants Immunity → Officers → Central government → Functions → assigned. 6) Jurisdiction provisions: Debars → Civil court's Jurisdiction → Regulations → Under EPA 7) Supremacy → Provisions of EPA → Any act → Inconsistent."

Answer 82

1) Complete centralization → States → No power → Arbitrariness & Misuse; (ii) No public participation; (iii) Lackadaisical coverage → Pollutants; (iv) Deterrent → Industrial activities; (v) Emphasize Closure → Rather than Regulation; (vi) Financial crunch → Implementation."

Answer 83

1) (i) Maintain the balance → Need & Availability; (ii) Bedrock of act → Polluter pays principle; (iii) Comprehensive definition → Environment; Pollutant; Pollution; Hazardous substance; (iv) Explicit Prohibition → Discharges → Environmental pollutants (v) Any citizen → Approach the Court → Offence → Under EPA."

Answer 84

1) Notifications: (i) CRZ notification-1991; (ii) CRZ notification-2018; (iii) Environmental Impact Assessment. Note - CRZ (It'll be covered in upcoming class) 2) EPA Jurisdiction → International initiatives: (i) Montreal Protocol (ii) Basel convention (iii) Rotterdam convention (iv) Stockholm convention (v) UNFCCC (vi) CBD (vii) UNCCD."

Answer 85

1) WPA act 1972 → Legal Protection → six schedules → Plant, Animal & Avian species; 2) Constitutional provisions: (i) Article 48A → Protect & Improve → Forest, Wildlife & Environment; (ii) Article-51A → Fundamental duties → Protect & Improve → Natural environment. 3) Need: (i) India → 2.4 % of land area → 7-8 % of World recorded species; (ii) Since 1940 → Massive decrease → Flora & Fauna; (iii) Stringent punishments → Violators & Poachers."

Answer 86

1) Threats: (i) Human habitat expansion; (ii) Habitat degradation & Habitat Fragmentation; (iii) Over exploitation → Natural resources; (iv) Hunting & Poaching; (v) Climate change; (vi) Human-wildlife conflict; (vii) Anthropogenic activities [Industries; Mining; Agriculture; Infrastructure development]."

Answer 87

1) Institutions: NBWL & SBWL → Apex body → Wildlife related issues → (i) Selection of areas; (ii) Policy formulation; (iii) Review & Approve → Wildlife projects (iv) No alteration → Boundaries → Without approval → NBWL. 2) Management boards: (i) Central zoo authority → Oversight of zoos (ii) NTCA → Statutory body → Project Tiger → Supervisory; Capacity development; Coordination; (iii) WCCB → Wildlife intelligence. 3) Umbrella protection → National parks; Wildlife sanctuaries; Conservation reserves. 4) Grass root level authorities →Wildlife advisory boards & Wildlife warden → Powers & Duties 5) Regulations: (i) License → Sale, Transfer & Possession → Certain wildlife species. (ii) Prohibited → Hunting &Trading → Certain scheduled species. 6) Schedules: Schedule I & II [Example: Tiger; Clouded leopard] → Absolute protection → Offence → Maximum penalties; (ii) Non endangered species → Schedule III & IV [Example: Porcupine; Hyena] → Lesser penalty; (iii) Schedule V [Example: Common crow] → Permitted → Hunting; (iv) Schedule VI [Example: Blue vanda] → Floral species → Forbidden → Cultivation."

Answer 88

1) Significance: (i)1st time → Comprehensive list → Endangered wildlife species; (ii) Define → Wildlife related terminology; (iii) WPA-1972 → Helped India → Membership → CITES; (iv) Regulates → Wildlife trade → Endangered species; (v) Revised → Falling trend → Faunal species. (vi) Encourage → Community participation → Wildlife protection → Community reserves & Conservation reserves."

Answer 89

1) Initiatives: (i) Project Tiger → Centrally sponsored scheme → Tiger & Prey base; (ii) Project Elephant → Centrally sponsored scheme → Wild & Domesticated elephant; (iii) Crocodile conservation project; (iv) UNDP Sea Turtle project; (v) Project Snow Leopard; (vi) Project Hangul."

Answer 90

1) Green Building → Design & Construction → Eliminates → Negative impacts; Positive→Influence → Climate & Natural environment. 2) Components: (i) Life cycle assessment; (ii) Structure design efficiency; (iii) Energy efficiency; (iv) Water efficiency; (v) Material efficiency; (vi) Indoor environmental quality assessment; (vii) Operations & Maintenance optimization; (viii) Waste reduction."

Answer 91

1) Efficiency → (i) Energy; (ii) Water; (iii) Waste recycling; [Example: In-built STP] 2) Power → Major share → Renewables [Solar; Hydro; Wind; Biomass; Tidal; Geothermal] → Utilization. 3) Pollution & Waste reduction measures → Reuse &Recycling [Example: 5R principles] 4) Indoor → Environmental quality → Ideal; Material → Non-toxic → Ethical & Sustainable. [Example: Chopped straw, Grass etc] 5) Considering factor → Environment & Quality of life → Design, construction & Operation; Design → adaptation → Environment change."

Answer 92

1) Buildings → Primary pollutant → Affect → Urban air quality; Green buildings → Address → environmental conservation & Climate change. 2) Economic significance: Initial Cost → Design & Construction → Green building → High; Operational cost → Low; Maintenance cost → Low; 3) Efficiency → Energy, water & other resources; Protect → Occupant health; Reduce → Waste; Pollution & Environmental degradation; Urban/Heat Island effect. 4) Social significance: (i) Better health (ii) Indoor Ambience → Ideal (iii)Disease burden → COPD & Lung cancer → Very low; Occupants Productivity → Outstanding."

Answer 93

1) Tax incentives & capital Subsidies → Construction; (ii) Single window clearance→Green buildings; (iii) Uniformity → Standards → ECBC → Dire need; (iv) Roof cooling → Mandatory norm; (v) Developing skilled work force → Skill India Mission → Construction & Maintenance."

Answer 94

1) GRIHA → TERI & MNRE; National rating tool → Principle → Balance → Energy & Environment. 2) Benefits: (i) Pollution load → Low; (ii) High water efficiency; (iii) Energy emission intensity → Negligible."

Answer 95

1) International initiatives: (i) Green star → G.B.C of Australia; (ii) UNEP → Sustainable buildings & Climate initiative; (iii) US → LEED; (v) UK → BREEAM. 2) India: (I) IGBC → GRIHA; (ii) Eco niwas samhita [ECBC-R]; (ii) ECBC-C;"

Answer 96

1) Climate resilient agriculture → Approach → Principle: Sustainability → Using → Natural resources → Crop & Livestock production → To achieve → Long term → Higher productivity. 2) Climate change → Reduce → Agriculture income → 15 to 25%. 3) Outcomes: (i) Improved access; (ii) Utilization of technology; (iii) Transparent trade regime; (iv) Resource conservation → Increase; (v) Climate stress → Increased Adaptation → Crops & Livestock."

Answer 97

1) Tolerant crops → Stress: (i) Salinity, (ii) Moisture etc → Adaptation → Gene level → To maintain biomass. [Example: Green gram- B.M 2002-1; Pigeon pea - BDN-708]. 2) Tolerant breeds → Unique characteristics → Adaption → Specific eco system → Lower productivity → Better thermo-regulation → Low resource footprints. 3) Feed management → Alteration → feeding time; Feeding frequency; Diet composition. 4) Water management → Smart tech → (i) Furrow irrigated raised bed (ii) Micro irrigation (iii) Rain water harvesting (iv) Drainage management 5) Agro advisory: Advisories → Technocrats → Spatial & Temporal variations → Proactive measures. 6) Soil organic carbon → Conservation agriculture technologies [ Example: (i) Zero tillage; (ii) Crop rotations; (iii) Cover crops] → Nutrient recharge → refill → soil organic matter."

Answer 98

1) Challenges: (i) Arable land → Scarcity; (ii) Water → Saline strength → High → Certain zone; (iii) Obsolete Technology; (iv) Nature resources → Depleted → Beyond threshold; (v) Precipitation → extreme variation → Intensity & Frequency; (vi) Highly resistant pest [Example: Two spotted spider mite]."

Answer 99

1) Significance: (i) Agriculture productivity → High → Boost → Farm income; (ii) GHG emissions → Very low; (iii) Sufficient production → Food; Fuel; Fodder; Fiber; (iv) Carbon sequestration → Green carbon → Higher → Conventional agriculture; (v) Crop diversity → high → Resilience → Pest infestation; (vi) Livestock Workforce → Female participation→ Increased → House hold income [Example: Tanzania]."

Answer 100

1) India: (i) NMSA; (ii) NICRA; (iii) National adaptation fund; (iv) SAPCC; (v) P.M Krishi sinchai yojana. 2) International: (i) COP-22 → Adaptation of African agriculture; (ii) Europe → Project Agro-mix; (iii) USA → Climate resilient farming program; (iv) CAADP → Africa"

Answer 101

1) Carbon sequestration → Long term storage → carbon → Carbon sinks → Plants, Soils, Geologic formations & Oceans; 2) Atmospheric CO2 Pathway → carbon sequestration → Natural & Anthropogenic 3) Types : (i) Biological carbon sequestration [Example: Ocean; Forest; Soil; Grassland] (ii)Geological carbon sequestration [Rock caverns] (iii) Technological carbon sequestration [Example: Graphene production; Engineered molecules; Direct air capture] (iv) Industrial carbon sequestration [Example: Pre-combustion; Post-combustion; Oxy-combustion]"

Answer 102

1) Natural carbon sequestration → Natural forces → Balance of CO2 ; All organic life → CO2 based → When they die → CO2 → return to sink. 2) Artificial carbon sequestration → Number of process → Carbon emission → Captured at source → Buried; Geo sequestration → CO2 → Pumped → Underground chambers [ Oil reservoirs; Rock cavern; Aquifers]"

Answer 103

1) Prevention → Large quantities of CO2 → To keep temperature → Preferably below 1.5˚C → Pre-Industrial level. 2) Potential tool → Mitigation → Fossil fuel emission → Global warming & Ocean acidification. 3) CO2 → Injected → Geological formations → Multipurpose → (i) Enhance → Oil recovery (ii) Long term storage. 4) Ideal platform → To reduce → Atmospheric & Marine accumulation → GHG → Blue carbon & Green carbon. 5) Deep socket → Coal mines → CO2 absorption → surface of coal → Methane → Recovery. 6) Faster sequestration → Increase in productivity → Employment generation"

Answer 104

1) Challenges : (i) Technology → Nascent stage (ii) Corporations → Developing countries → Resource crunch; (iii) Cost affordability → Very poor → Extensive use; (iv) Energy intensity → Operations → Extremely high; (v) Technical transfer → Developed countries → Lack → Political will; (vi) Disturbance → sink → Mass release of CO2 → Unintended consequences; (vii) Storage → Under ocean → Possibilities → Rapid Ocean acidification."

Answer 105

1) International: (i) Blue carbon initiative; (ii) European commission → Carbon farming (iii) CCUS project network. 2) Corporations: Century plant → USA; Shute creek gas processing plant → USA. 3) India: (i) MGNREGA (ii) National mission for green India (iii) Carbon capture → RIL, UNILEVER etc"

Answer 106

1) Coral → Coral polyps → Symbiotic relationship → Zooxanthellae; Zooxanthellae → photosynthesis → nourishment → calcification; 2) Corals → Beautiful colors → zooxanthellae; Corals → protected environment → Algae. 3) Types: (i) Hard coral→reef builders [Patch; Fringe; barrier; atoll etc]; (ii) Soft coral [Example: Sea fans] 4) Necessity condition: (i) Clean, clear & Shallow water; (ii) Ample sunlight; (iii) Temperature → 20˚C to 32˚C; (iv)Average saline → 27 to 40 %. 5) Largest coral reefs: (i) Great barrier reef → Australia; (ii) Red Sea coral reef → Israel, Djibouti & Egypt; (iii) Florida reef → United states of America."

Answer 107

1) Coral bleaching → Stress → Temperature, Light, Nutrients etc; Coral → expel → Zooxanthellae → white → Coral bleaching. 2) Translucent tissue → pale white → symptom → coral bleaching; Non severe bleaching → Coral → Recoverable; 3) Places of coral bleaching → Indian ocean, Pacific Ocean. Caribbean ocean etc."

Answer 108

1) Causes → (i) Irradiance (ii) temperature rise; (iii) Ocean acidification; (iv) sub-aerial exposure; (v) Chemical pollutant [Example: Xenobiotics]; (vi)Eutrophication; (vii) UV - penetration; (viii) Sedimentation; (ix) Contagious diseases; (x) Human induced threats [Sea-bed mining; Overfishing etc]"

Answer 109

1) Coral bleaching → Affect → Dependent species → impact → food chain. 2) Coral bleaching → Affect → Endemic species → survival [Example: Dugong-dugong] 3) Genetic and species diversity → Low → resilience → low. 4) Coral bleaching → Fish catching → reduce → Monetary benefits → Poor 5) Vulnerability → Coastal shore → High [Erosion, Flooding, Storm damage, Tsunami etc.] 6) Carbon sequestration → Poor → Release of carbon → vulnerable → climate change."

Answer 110

1) International initiatives: (i) ICRI; (ii) Global coral reef monitoring network; (iii) Reef islands initiative; (iv) LOICZ; (v) Coral reef alliance. 2) Indian Initiatives: (i) ICMAM; (ii) SICOM; (iii) COMAPS; (iv)Coral reef mapping & Reef health monitoring → ESSO. 3) Conventional measures: (i) Pollution → Reduction → recycle; (ii) Delineation → Trawler → Route map; (iii) Artificial reef [Example: Gulf of Kutch]"

Answer 111

1) Kigali agreement → 9th amendment → Montreal protocol → Environment treaty → Ozone depleting substance; 197 members → Signed. 2) Objective: Reduction → Manufacture and Usage → HFC → 80 to 85% from baselines → Until 2045. 3) HFC → Replacement → Fluorine and Hydrogen → Organofluorine → Refrigerants & Air conditioning; HFC → Non-ODS → Green-house gas→1000 times potent. 4) Montreal protocol → Fight against GHG → Kigali amendment."

Answer 112

1) Principle → “Common but differentiated responsibilities” & Respective capabilities. 2) Legally binding agreement → Non-compliance measures → Proper implementation. 3) Different targets → Different factors included → (i) Development; (ii) Socio-economic constraints; (iii) Sophisticated technologies; (iv) Scientific capacities; 4) Three groups: (i) Developed countries → US and European countries → Phase down of HFC → 15% of 2012 level → 2036; (ii) Developing countries → China, Brazil & African states → Phase down → 20% of 2021 level → By 2045 (iii) Developing economies + hottest nations → Phase down →15% of 2024-26 → By 2047."

Answer 113

1) Multilateral fund → Developing countries → Adaptation and Mitigation. 2) Technology and Assessment panel → Periodic review → Alternative technologies → Energy efficiency & safety standards."

Answer 114

1) Significance: (i) Enforcing → Paris agreement → Ambitious target → Below 2 degree Celsius → Pre-Industrial level; (ii) Unlike Paris agreement → Clear and concrete targets → Fixed timelines; (iii) Prevention → HFC → 70 billion tonnes → Equivalent to CO2; (iv) Mechanism → Mitigation & Adaptation; (v) Developed countries → Technology support → Developing countries (vi)International arena → India’s credential → Improved a lot."

Answer 115

1) HPMP plan: Stage-1 → Successfully implemented → 2012 to 2016; Stage II → Under implementation; 2) ODS rules-2019 → Article 5 → Montreal protocol 3) India’s cooling action plan → compliance → Kigali amendment (i) Thermal comfort (ii)Skilled workforce (iii) Make in India → Domestic manufacturing (iv) Robust R&D → Innovation."

Answer 116

1) Ozone: Location →10% in troposphere & 90% in stratosphere → Absorb → 99% of UV radiation. 2) Mechanism: Formation → 02+0→Sunlight → 03; Depletion → Formation rate < Decomposition rate. 3) Impact of UV-rays: a) On human→ (i) Pre-mature ageing; (ii) Shortness of breath; (iii) Sore throat; (iv) Cough; (v) Chest pain; (vi) Cancer. b) On Food supplies→ (i) Damage sensitive crops [Example: Soya beans] → Food insecurity (ii) Marine phytoplankton → Marine organisms → Supply chain disruption"

Answer 117

1) Vienna convention →1985 → Multilateral environmental agreement→Protect the ozone → Non-legally binding; Entered in to force→1988. 2) Legally binding targets → Montreal protocol; Ozone secretariat-UNEP [Nairobi]"

Answer 118

1) Principle → Common but differentiated responsibility; Reducing ODS→Time bound targets; Provisions → For amendment → Economic, Scientific & Technological advancements. 2) Provisions: (i) Article 2 → Control measures; (ii) Article 7 → Reporting of data; (iii) Article 10 → Technical assistance; 3) Regulation of ODS: (i) Annex A→ CFC & Halons; Annex B → Halogenated CFCs, CCl4, Methyl chloroform; Annex C → HCFC → 19th MOP; Annex E → Methyl bromide."

Answer 119

1) Implementation agency → Ozone cell [MOEFCC]; India → Article 5 country → assistance → Multilateral funds; ODS in India → CFC, CCl4, Methyl bromide, Methyl chloroform. 2) Steps taken → (i) ODS rules-2000; (ii) Mandatory registration for ODS → Producers, Importers, Sellers etc. (iii) Phased out ODS → CFC, CCl4, Halon etc.; (iv) HPMP plan → Phase I & Phase II."

Answer 120

1) (i) First treaty → Universal ratification → Most successful → 1st environmental agreement; (ii) Decreased → Atmospheric concentration of ODS → 98% reduction → Compared to 1990 level; (iii) Halon → Concentration → Rate of Increase → Decreased; (iv) To fight → Climate change; (v) GHG emission reduced → 135 gigatonnes of CO2; (vi) Ozone layer → Expected to recover → By 2050; (vii) Avoided → 280mn cancer incidents; (viii) R&D → Sophisticated Technology → Foundation stone → Eco green products."

Answer 121

1) Cop-22: (i) Countries → Earlier set → $100 billion; (ii) 5 year work plan → Loss and damage (2017); (iii) Climate vulnerable forum → Vision document; (iv) COP-22 → COP of Africa; (v) Morocco → Adaptation of Africa agriculture. 2) COP-23: (i) Consensus → Dialogue → Assistance and Tech transfer → Climate change victims; (ii) Koronivia Joint work on agriculture; (iii) Finalized → Gender action plan; (iv) Local communities; Indigenous peoples platform; (v) Powering past coal alliance; 3) COP-24: (i) Paris agreement rulebook → Outlines → Incorporated; (ii) Climate finance → Discussed; (iii) Monitoring and progress report system. 4) COP-25: Chile-Madrid Time for action; No other concrete outcome → In COP 25."

Answer 122

1) Objectives: (i) Net zero → Mid-21st centuary; (ii) Adaption → Communities & Natural Habitats, (iii)Mobilization → USD 100Bn/Year; (iv) Unresolved issues → Finalize → Rule book (CoP-21). 2) Outcomes - Glasgow breakthrough agenda: (i) Foster→clean tech, (ii) Phasing out → dirty fuel, (iii) Urged countries → strengthening 2030 targets → Before COP27"

Answer 123

1) (i) Targets → Voluntary; (ii) Penal provisions → Absent; (iii) Data → Insufficiency; (iv) Carbon budget → Anomaly in distribution; 2) Financial mechanism → (i) Fragile statement; (ii) funding commitments from developing nations → Unaddressed."

Answer 124

1) Reluctance → To take action → IPCC report findings; 2) Political will → Poor [Consequences, Climate finance etc]; 3) Tussle → Principle of common but differentiated responsibilities; 4) Poverty & Economic development → Climate change."

Answer 125

1) Global scale → Rationalization of carbon budget, Measures → LDC and Island Nations; 2) Finance → (i) Beyond 100USD billion; (ii) Healthy carbon market (iii) Clean tech transfer 3) Giant emitters → steep cut [Example: US SHOULD ADVANCE NETZERO DATE BY 2040] 4) India → (i) Panchamrit strategy; (ii) Decarbonisation; (iii) Encouraging EV, (iv) Scaling out polluting power plants etc."

Answer 126

1) CoP-21 → International treaty → Legally-binding. 2) Ultimate goal: (i)Reduce → Temperature → Below 2 degree celsius /Preferably to 1.5 degree Celsius → Pre-Industrial level; (ii) Adaptation &Mitigation → Vulnerable countries; (iii) Developed countries → Obligation → Developing countries → Finance and tech transfer. 3) 20/20/20 targets → (i) CO2 emission reduction → 20%; (ii) Renewables → Market share → 20%; (iii) Energy efficiency → 20%."

Answer 127

1) Article-6 → Paris agreement → (i) INDC; (ii) Global carbon price; (iii) Countries exceed NDC → Pay → Cost of Global warming. 2) NDC: (i) Contribution → Each member → To achieve → Global goal; (ii) Reporting span → Every 5 years; (iii) Contributions → Voluntary. 3) Goal → All countries → Access → Technical expertise & Financial capability. 4) India’s NDC: (i) Emission intensity reduction → 33 to 35% (ii) Renewables → 40% in energy basket [Solar → 100GW; Wind → 60GW; Biomass→10GW; small hydro → 5 GW] (iii) Additional carbon sink → 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes → CO2 equivalent."

Answer 128

1) Developing & Developed countries: (i) Paris agreement → No differentiation; (ii) Kyoto protocol → Differentiation. 2) INDC → Emission reduction projects → In other countries → can be included."

Answer 129

1) Developed countries → USD 100 Billion/ Year; Equal distribution → Mitigation and Adaptation. 2) G7 → Climate risk Insurance & CREWS → USD 420 million. 3) USD 3 billion → Green Climate Fund."

Answer 130

1) International initiatives: (i) International solar alliance; (ii) Mission Innovation; 2) Renewables → 40% from Renewables (i) National solar mission (ii) National biofuels policy & SATAT (iii) National Hydrogen Energy Mission (iv)PLI scheme. 3) Energy efficiency: (i) UJALA scheme; (ii)ECBC-R 4) Transport: (i) FAME; (ii) Vehicle scrappage policy; (iii) Indian railways: Going green; (iv) Sustainable aviation etc."

Answer 131

1) Roadblocks: (i) Funding mechanisms → not materialized; (ii) Paris rule book → Unaccomplished; (iii) INDC → Targets are voluntary; (iv) Carbon budget → Inequality in distribution."

Answer 132

1) Principle: Common but differentiated responsibilities → Obligation → Historic emitters; ""Common"" → All countries; differentiated responsibility → Proportional control. 2) Target gases: (i) Carbon dioxide; (ii) Methane; (iii) Nitrous oxide; (iv) Sulphur hexafluoride; (v) groups of HFC; (vi) Groups of PFC. 3) Target: 5% average Emission reduction → 1990 level; Time period →2005-12 4) Historic polluters → US, UK, Japan, France, Russia; New polluters → China, India, Brazil; 5) Funding mechanism: Developed countries → Developing & LDC countries. 6) Voluntary initiative: Developing & LDC countries → Non-binding. 7) Core of KP → Reporting & Verification, Flexible market mechanism, compliance system."

Answer 133

1) FMM → (i) Joint implementation [J.I]; (ii) Clean development mechanism [CDM]; (iii) Emission trading[ER] 2) J.I : Annex B → Annex B → Emission reduction units. 3) CDM: Annex B→ ERU project → Developing countries. 4) Emission trading → Two types → Emission trading & Offset trading; (i) Emission trading: Annex I → Remaining carbon credit→ 1 m.t CO2-equivalent; (ii) Offset trading: Investment→ Clean energy projects → Carbon credit."

Answer 134

1) Significance: (i) Bedrock → Paris agreement; (ii) Penal provisions → Failure → Measurement & Reporting → loose the Privilege under J.I; (iii) Emission above cap/Doesn't make up difference → Difference + additional 30% [For next period]; (iv) Stimulating green investment; (v) Private sector participation → Enhanced; (vi) Visible long term benefits; (vii) Promotes environmental integrity; (viii)Transparency → Carbon trade."

Answer 135

1) Annex 1→ Carbon credit/Carbon trade → Ignores → Long term socio-economic benefits. 2) CBDR → Legal pathway →To increase pollution. 3) Excluded → India & China, U.S ; USA → Never ratified; Canada → Withdrawn [2012]. 4) Doha climate change conference → Little progress → Kyoto 2.0"

Answer 136

1) Paris agreement → CoP-21→ Outcome → Legally binding agreement → Combat climate change. 2) Objective: (i) Temperature→below 2 degree celsius →pre-industrial level; (ii) Efforts → below even 1.5º Celsius; (iii) Mechanism → Mitigation & Adaptation; (iv) Developed countries → Tech support → Developing countries; (v) INDC → Heart of agreement → Non legal → Recognized under CoP-21."

Answer 137

1) Area in ocean → Oxygen starvation → Low dissolved O2 → Hypoxic condition → Impossible to survive→Biological deserts. 2) Mechanism: Anthropogenic activities → Run off →Addition of nutrients → N, P, K → spike in marine planktons → Decomposition → Oxygen starvation → Dead zone [Eutrophication]."

Answer 138

1) Permanent dead zone → Very deep water → More than a year → Dissolved O2 → below 2 mg. [Examples: Baltic Sea] 2) Temporary dead zone → Duration-Hours or days. [Example: South china sea] 3) Seasonal dead zone → Annual → Warm months. [Example: Australian coast] 4) Diel cycling hypoxia → Warm months → Night → Hypoxic water."

Answer 139

1) Natural factors: (i) Northerly summer winds → Upwelling → Algal bloom; (ii) Global warming → Lower Dissolved O2 → Catalyze the stratification. 2) Anthropogenic factors: (i) Sewage → Inorganic, Organic nutrients and suspended loads; (ii) Agricultural-run off [Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphur]; (iii) Industrialization & Combustion of fossil fuels → Sulphur oxides & Nitrogen oxides."

Answer 140

1) On marine Organisms: (i) Faunal elimination; (ii) Habitat loss; (iii) Reduction in predatory organisms; (iv) Gill perforation. 2) On Corals: Oxygen starvation → High Turbidity → Affects the photosynthesis → Reduction in Zooxanthalle → Coral bleaching. 3) On Human: (i) Food chain → Supply shock → Food insecurity [Example: Mexico - USD 2.4 Bn loss/annum]; (ii) H. A. B → Hypoxic condition → Cyanobacterial toxins → Health issues → Seashore populations."

Answer 141

1) In Agriculture → (i) Conservation tillage; (ii) Integrated nutrient management; (iii) Vertical farming; (iv) Hydroponics; (v) Integrated scientific farming. 2) In Industries & Transports → (i) Scrubbers; (ii) NOx burners; (iii) Steam injection; (iv) Catalytic converters; (v)BS-VI emission standard; (vi) Non renewables → Clean energy. 3) In community level → (i) Phytoremediation; (ii) 5R principles; (iii) Awareness drives."

Answer 142

a) Greek term→ ""Eutrophos"" →Well nourished; Syndrome → Addition of nutrients → Fertilize the aquatic ecosystem. b) Mechanism: Enrichment by nutrient salts → Increase in production of algae → Depletion of fish species → Deterioration of water quality."

Answer 143

a) Agricultural run-off→Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium etc. b) Concentrated animal feed operations→ Ammonium compounds→ Cyanobacterial and algal blooms. c) Direct sewage discharge→Inorganic & organic nutrients, Suspended loads d) NPK deposition→Wet and dry"

Answer 144

a) Natural eutrophication: (i) Nutrient → gradual rise; (ii) Catalyst → Natural forces [Example: Landslide, Floods etc]; (iii) Environmental factors → CO2 concentration, temperature & light; (iv) Time duration → Above 100 years. b) Cultural eutrophication: (i) Nutrient influx → excess; (ii) catalyst → Over fertilization, Industrial and agricultural expansion; (iii) Place of occurrence → Fresh and marine; (iv) Time duration → Very short."

Answer 145

a) Aquatic plant nutrient influx → High; b) Aquatic plant & animal production→Eliminated; c) Oxygen in hypolimnion → Absent; d) Depth → shallow; e) Water turbidity → high; f) Conductance → High; g) Species diversity → few; h) BOD &COD→high."

Answer 146

a) On Ecosystem → (i) Abundance of unwanted substance [Example: Nitrosamines & Cyanobacterial toxins]; (ii) Gelatinous zooplankton → high; (iii) Benthic and epiphytic algae→high; (iv) Survival of organisms → Very poor;(v) Harmful algal blooms;(vi) Red tide. b) On biodiversity → (i) Dense mat of floating plants [Example: Nile cabbage, Water hyacinth], (ii) Shift in species composition; (iii) Invasive species; (iv) Mobility and recreational activities → Tends to low. c) On human health→ (i) Skin irritation; (ii) Burning eyes; (iii) Tingling; (iv) numbness; (v) drowsiness; (vi)respiratory paralysis."

Answer 147

a) Preventive measures: (i) Flushing → Nutrient poor water; (ii) remove → Sludge; (iii) Algae → skimming and separation; (iv) Harvest → Fishes and macrophytes; (v) De-stratification. b) Mitigation measures: (i) Demarcation & Surveying; (ii) Buffer strips; (iii) Industrial layout → Restructuration; (iv) Phytoremediation; (v) Common ETPs & STPs."

Answer 148

a) International initiatives: (i) UNEP → IWCAM; (ii) IUCN → GWI; (iii) ICPDR b) Indian initiatives: (i) Common ETPs → Small scale Industries; (ii) National water quality monitoring; (iii) Online effluent monitoring program. c) Schemes: (i) National Lake Conservation Program; (ii) National Wetland Conservation Program; (iii) National Mission for Clean Ganga etc."

Answer 149

1) Water pollution → Human activities (Pollutant) → Contamination of water bodies → disrupts aquatic ecosystem. 2) Pollutant → Pathogens/ Organic matter/Chemicals/ Thermal/ Salinity etc."

Answer 150

1) Point source → origin-Traceable → Easy to regulate Example: (a) Community waste water [Discharges & droppings, Food residue, Detergents & Cleaning agents] (b) Industrial waste water [Hydrocarbons, Phenols, Plasticizer, biphenyl etc.] (c) Thermal pollution → Coolant → Spurt in temperature → Fish kill 2) Non point sources → Origin-hard to trace → Variation → Spatial and temporal → Hard to regulate Example: (a) Agricultural pollutant source [Insecticides, Fungicides, Herbicides, Nematocides, etc] & Agricultural run off. (b) Under ground water pollution → seepage of surface pollutant (c) Marine pollution [Navigational discharge, Oil spilling, sewage, garbage etc.]"

Answer 151

1) Parameters → (a) Dissolved organic matter; (b) Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis; (c) Conductivity; (d) Salinity; (e) Temperature; (f) pH and KH testing; (g) Dissolved Oxygen;"

Answer 152

1) Human health → (a)waterborne diseases[Jaundice; Typhoid etc] (b)Diseases by heavy metals[Minamata; Itai-itai] 2) Aquatic ecosystem → Low Dissolved oxygen → Elimination of planktons 3) Hazards of ground water → (a) Excess nitrate → Impacts Infants [Blue baby syndrome] (b) Excess fluoride [Gastro intestine disorders; Skeletal fluorosis etc] 4) Over exploitation of ground water (a) Leaching of arsenic [Peripheral neuritis; Hyper kerotosis] 5) Excess Nutrient → Eutrophication."

Answer 153

1) For Point source → (a) Riparian buffer; (b) Treatment of sewage → (i) alum → coagulation; (ii) Fluoridation → lower free fluoride ion; (iii) Lime → pH correction; (iv) Chlorine + Alum → Arsenic removal; (v) Limestone → Removing Fe. [STP] 2) For Non point source → (a) Organic farming; (b) INM → Optimizing Agriculture runoff ; (c) Bioremediation [Water hyacinth → Heavy metals absorption; Equalyptus → sewage water absorption → to atmosphere] (d) Oil spills [Oilzapper, Oilivorous etc.]"

Answer 154

1) India → (a) National water quality monitoring; (b) Online effluent monitoring system; (c) DRDO → Bio-toilets; (d) Installation of Common ETP → Small scale Industrial Units; 2) Schemes → (a) National Lake Conservation Program; (b) National Wetland Conservation Program; (c) National Mission for Clean Ganga etc. 3) International initiatives → (a)UNEP → Global waste water initiative; (b) UNESCO → International Initiative on Water Quality; Global water challenge etc."

Answer 155

1) Ecological succession→ Changes in species structure, over geological scale. 2) Pioneer community→ Seral →Climax community 3) Seral→ Intermediate stage between pioneer and climax community."

Answer 156

1) (a) Changes→Unidirectional; (b) Nutrient cycle→complex and rapid; (c)Genetic and species diversity→Highly diverse; (d)Food webs→complex; (e)Niche differentiation& development→High (f) Productivity→High;"

Answer 157

1) (a) Primary succession→Pioneer species colonization→Organic matter→Invasion of new species→complex ecosystem→Climax community Example: Mauna loa→Volcanic eruption→Windward side→ Organic Substrate→Lichens and microbes→ Montane rain forest. (b)Secondary succession→Climax community→ Devastation and destruction→ Natural and Anthropogenic factors→Invasion of hardy species→Stable ecosystem, Time taken

Answer 158

1) Vegetation→carbon sequestration and carbon sink→Green carbon and blue carbon 2) Invasion→Increased biodiversity→Resilient ecosystem. 3) High gene and species diversity→ Complex food webs→ Ensures food security."

Answer 159

1) Invasive species→Endemic species→Extinction. Example: North America→Kudzu(aggressive vine)→Native plants extinction."

Answer 160

1. Disruption on a massive scale + causing severe damage to life and property + occurring in short or long periods 2. It can be either natural (earthquakes + volcanic eruptions + floods + droughts + hurricanes + heat/ cold waves + epidemics) or man made (nuclear attack + accident + gas leak + mining accidents + terror attacks + stampede)"

Answer 161

1. 59% of the landmass → prone to earthquakes of moderate to very high intensity. (Delhi earthquake 2015) 2. 5,700 kms/ 7,516 kms long coastline → prone to cyclones + tsunamis. (tauktae cyclone 2021) 3. 12% of its land → prone to floods + river erosion. (Bihar + West Bengal + Assam) 4. 68% of its cultivable area → vulnerable to droughts 5. Hilly areas→ landslides and avalanches. (Dharmshala landslides 2021) 6. Highly vulnerable to man-made disasters→chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear disasters. (Bhopal gas tragedy) 7. Vulnerability further increases → a) changing demographics and socio-economic conditions, b) unplanned urbanization, c) development within high-risk zones, d) environmental degradation, e)climate change, f)geological hazards, g) epidemics and pandemics. (Covid 2019)"

Answer 162

1. Organization and management of resources and responsibilities→ to deal with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery→to lessen the impact of disasters. 2. Disaster management cycle; disasters → a) response → b) recovery → c) Mitigation → d) preparedness."

Answer 163

1. 3 tier structure →a) National disaster management authority (NDMA), b)State disaster management authority(SDMA), c) District disaster management authority(DDMA) 2. NDMA → to build safer + disaster resilient India → statutory body headed by PM + assisted by national executive committee 3. National disaster management plan → to achieve sustainable disaster risk reduction in line with Sendai framework. 4. National disaster response force →specialised response during disasters + impart raining to local police, civil defence, home guards + public awareness. 5. SDMA →headed by CM + assisted by state executive committee 6. District disaster management authority → chaired by district magistrate"

Answer 164

1. Successor of Hyogo framework → Sendai framework → state = primary role to reduce disaster risk + responsibility shared among all stakeholders. 2. For disaster risk reduction 2015 - 2030 → four priority areas 3. Understanding disaster risk →understanding of disaster risk in all its dimensions of vulnerability, capacity, exposure of persons and assets, hazard characteristics and the environment 4. Strengthening disaster risk governance → at global, national and regional levels for mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery and rehabilitation. 5. Investing in disaster risk reduction →Public and private investment in disaster risk prevention and reduction through structural and non-structural measures. 6. Build back better →disaster preparedness for response, taking action in anticipation of events, and ensure capacities are in place for effective response and recovery at all levels."

Answer 165

1. Mitigation →Reducing emissions of and stabilizing the levels of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere 2. Reducing the use of fossil fuels + increasing the use of renewable energy sources e.g. Solar power 3. Afforestation → increasing carbon sinks 4. Electrification of transport sector and industrial sector → reduce dependence on non-renewable energy 5. Carbon tax + polluter pays principle 6. R&D → to make machines efficient and environment friendly 7. Adaptation →Adapting to the climate change already in the pipeline 8. Building Back Better → Building resilient infrastructure 9. Improving weather forecast systems + usage of satellites to predict vulnerabilities 10.Expanding the horizons of land use planning to incorporate longer climate predictions 11.Adopting drought-proof seeds and crops for agriculture practice 12.Promoting green financing → green bonds, blue bonds and climate financing under international agreements."

Answer 166

1. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) → Kyoto protocol + Paris agreement + REDD+ 2. Adopting common but differentiated responsibility→ protect the interests of developing countries + ensuring collaborative effort. 3. WMO + UNEP → founded the IPCC to provide for a mechanism to study the effects of global warming at a governmental level. 4. International Solar Alliance 5. Transformative Carbon Asset Facility→ A World Bank Fund →to help developing countries implement their plans to cut emissions 6. European Green Deal → by the European Council →to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 7. Mission Innovation→global initiative of 22 countries and EU →to accelerate global clean energy innovation 8. India's INDC targets → to be achieved by 2030 → a) 40% of the installed capacity for electricity will be from non-fossil fuel sources, b) reduce the emissions intensity of the GDP by about a third, c) additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent through additional forest and tree cover. 9. National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)→ with 8 National Missions 10.Coalition for DisasterResilient Infrastructure 11.Raising the domestic renewable energy target to 450 GW by 2030 12.National Hydrogen Mission. 13.India Climate Change Knowledge Portal 14.shift from Bharat Stage-IV (BS-IV) to Bharat Stage-VI (BS-VI) emission norms"

Answer 167

1. Long-term alteration of temperature + weather patterns + variability of phenomenon of a place 2. Not a new phenomenon →Earth's climate has constantly been changing — even long before humans came into the picture. 3. Includes warming + cooling phases"

Answer 168

1. Volcanic eruptions → releasing lava, ashes and pyroclastic material → Mount Pinatuba eruption 1991 →the aerosols formed a global layer of sulfuric acid haze →Global temperatures dropped by about 0.5 °C in the years 1991–1993 2. Changes in the orbit of the Earth → 'Milankovitch cycles'→ eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession →affects the amount of solar heat that reaches the Earth's surface 3. Plate tectonics→ Continental drift leads to changes landmass & oceans positions → changes in ocean currents + wind patterns. 4. Changes in Solar Cycle → ""Little Ice Age"" occurred over parts of Earth during the Maunder Minimum (period of near zero sunspot activity) → direct impact on temperature of earth. 5. Increased use of fossil fuels in electricity, transport and industries→Increasing Green House Gases in the atmosphere → global warming. 6. Deforestation→ Trees keep the balance of CO2 and O2 maintained by acting as carbon sinks→ lack of trees → imbalance of gases. 7. Unplanned urbanization → excessive concretization and construction of glass buildings → trapping of heat → disturbing heat budget of the earth 8. Increase in demographic load → over exploitation of resources→carrying capacity of the earth breached. 9. Anthropogenic aerosol → due to uses of fertilizer and burning of plant residues → traps the heat"

Answer 169

1. Global warming →Increased weather extremities → Forest fires + Sea level rise + Melting of ice caps +Heat Wave + Changes in rainfall patterns and intensity→ increased risk of floods and droughts + intensity of cyclones, tornados and storm surges 2. Changing vegetation patterns →forcing animal species to migrate to new, cooler areas in order to survive. 3. Ocean acidification → threat to marine life 4. Change in Ocean current patterns e.g. Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is losing its stability 5. Spread of new pathogens → giving rise to new and fatal diseases 6. Adverse impact on agriculture productivity → risk to food security. 7. Overall economic losses → as per reports if no action is taken to curtail the global carbon emissions, climate change could cost 5 -20% of annual global GDP. 8. Risk of submergence to small island Nations→ rise in climate refugees. 9. Positive feedback system →rise in temperature →melting of ice caps → release of trapped gasses like CH4 → GHG emissions increased → rise in temperature."

Answer 170

1) Intergovernmental panel on climate change (United Nations body) → assess the science of climate change + guide policy makers to form policies. 2) Assessment reports→determines the state of knowledge on climate change→ So far it has released 5 assessment reports (AR)→ a) AR-1 in 1990, b) AR-2 in 1995, c) AR-3 in 2001, d) AR-4 in 2007, e) AR-5 in 2014 3) 6th Assessment report →Assessment of the climate change on physical science basis. 4) Talks about →a) Current status of climate change, b) Human influence, c) Possible climate futures, d) regional analysis and e) limiting human influence."

Answer 171

1) GHG gasses concentration in the atmosphere → risen since 1970s 2) Since 2011→concentrations continue to increase reaching 410 ppm for carbon dioxide (CO2), 3) Global surface temperature in 2011- 2021→1.09°C higher than 1850–1900. 4) Larger increases over land (1.59°C) than over the ocean (0.88°C). 5) Hot extremes→more frequent and intense, while cold extremes→less frequent and less severe. 6) Marine heatwaves→doubled in frequency since the 1980s. 7) The frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation events have increased since the 1950s over most land area"

Answer 172

1) Well-mixed GHGs contributed a warming of 1.0°C to 2.0°C 2) Other human drivers (principally aerosols) contributed a cooling of 0.0°C to 0.8°C. 3) Natural drivers changed global surface temperature by –0.1°C to 0.1°C. 4) This means → Net rise of temperature 0.9 to 2.9C"

Answer 173

1) Global warming of 1.5°C and 2°C will be exceeded during the 21st century unless deep reductions in CO2 is done. 2) Increased frequency + intensity →hot extremes + marine heatwaves + heavy precipitation + ecological droughts + tropical cyclones + reductions in Arctic sea ice, snow cover and permafrost. 3) Upper ocean stratification + ocean acidification + ocean deoxygenation will continue to increase in the 21st century→ Changes are irreversible on centennial to millennial time scales 4) The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation is very likely to weaken over the 21st century for all emission scenarios."

Answer 174

1) India expected to see → higher severity of heat waves ++ forest fires + tropical cyclones 2) Short duration + high intensity rainfall over SW coast. 3) Monsoon precipitation → increase in mid- to long term over South Asia. 4) High occurrence of glacial lake outburst floods + flash flood + landslides 5) Regional mean sea level rise → coastal flooding"

Answer 175

1) Global collective efforts (especially the NDCs under Paris deal) fall far short of what is required by science to limit global temperature increases by the end of the century to 2C, let alone the desired objective of less than 1.5C. 2) Large scale rapid, sustained and large-scale reductions of climate change-causing greenhouse gas emissions, including CO2, methane and others, are required. 3) Anthropogenic CO2 removal (CDR) has the potential to remove CO2 from the atmosphere and durably store it in reservoirs leading to net zero / net negative emissions."

Answer 176

1) Earthquake ➔ shaking of earth's surface; movement along plate boundaries (divergent/convergent/transform) → Stress build up → sudden energy release → seismic waves→ Earthquake. 2) Types ➔ Tectonic (plate movement)/Volcanic (post volcanic eruption; less prevalent)/Explosion (nuclear tests)/Collapse (mine bursts) 3) Causes ➔Natural (volcanic activity, landslides, geological faults rupture, moving Indian Plate (5cm/year)) Anthropogenic (mine blasts, nuclear tests, underground tunnels, reservoir induced etc.) 4) Assessment ➔ Richter scale (energy release), Mercalli (damage)"

Answer 177

1) Seismic Zonation➔ subdivide territory → regions; based on seismic hazard (Mercalli scale); BIS + IMD → 4 zones (II, III, IV, V); Zone V most active; 59% India's area →moderate/severe earthquake prone"

Answer 178

Economical (infrastructure collapse, logistics issue, fiscal burden, rehabilitation cost, livelihood loss); Socio-cultural (life loss, aesthetic loss, heritage sites, migration) Environmental (can trigger landslides, tsunami, avalanches, fires, affect dams → floods)"

Answer 179

(i) Install Early warning systems➔ IIT Roorkee pilot project; Germany + CSIR project; India Quake+ Sagar Vani App (ii)Earthquake Monitoring and mitigation→ via monitoring stations (Centre for seismology, nodal body ); vulnerability maps; (iii) Multisectoral coordination➔ MoES + IMD + EREC + GSI etc. (iv) Public Awareness ➔community training; role of education and schools (v)Assess construction materials➔ encourage local materials→ bamboo, coir etc. Ex. Bhongas (kutch), Dhajji diwari (J&K), Ekra contruction (Assam) (vi)Resilient buildings➔ abide NBC; soil analysis"

Answer 180

1) National Earthquake Risk Mitigation Project (NERMP) ➔ strengthen non/structural efforts 2) National Building Code➔ 2005; regulate construction activities; follow international practices 3) National Centre for Seismology➔ earthquake surveillance reports 4) NDMA Guidelines➔ (i) Awareness Generation➔ manual, safety audits, videos films etc (ii) Earthquake resistant Built up➔ earthquake proofing buildings(Japan model-80% buildings quake proof); NB Code (iii) Capacity Building➔ R&D , joint capacity (NGO, civil society, private etc.) (iv) Draw programs to retrofit existing structures➔govt. building, dams, courts etc. (v) strengthening Enforcements ➔strictly enforcing byelaws, building code etc. ; states responsible (vi)Fast Emergency response ➔ via Incident Command system; local administration coordinate 5) Other Initiatives ➔ (i) Sendai framework signatory(ii) BIMSTEC Ex. (iii) SCOJtEx-2019 → on urbans earthquakes"

Answer 181

• After Mauryan's rule Greek power became prominent. Menander's rule extended from Sailakot to Patlitputra. • After Greeks -> dynasties: Shaka, Parthian, Kushan. Kushans contributed to the field of Buddhism. • Kanishk, a Kushan, was the first monarch to hold Central Asian states to the Indian state. Commanded the major area of the Silk Route. The rule was extended from Oxus to Varanasi. There were two capitals: Purushpur (Peshawar) and Mathura. • Under the patronage of Kushans, two schools of art developed: Gandhara Art and Mathura Art. Parallel to these developed the Amravati Art in the South. • They developed independently but somehow there is a relation between Gandhara art and Mathura art. • Gandhara art is Greek-Roman art. Mathura art – Indo-Greek. Amravati art – indigenous."

Answer 182

• Mostly blue-grey sandstone or spotted-grey sandstone was used. • Most of the statue of Buddha was sculpted as free-standing statue, e.g. Bamiyan Buddha located in Hindu-Kush Mountains in Kandahar on the Silk route. • Buddha was represented by the Greek god Apollo. So a large halo behind the head is found. • Buddha was generally lean and thin, covered with a thick cloth. • Semi-closed eyes were sometimes represented with a moustache, sometime head was saved. • It represented the pre-Nirvana stage of Buddha."

Answer 183

• Red sandstone was used. • Represented all three religions: Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism. • Mathura sculptors have been found at Mathura, Sonkh, and Kankalitha. • Buddha was represented in a delighted mood. • Muscular Buddha wearing thin cloth. • There is Pirva Mandal i.e. long hair knotted on top. • Sitting posture, mostly in Padmasana and in different mudras. • Bhumisparsh mudra – one palm in an upright position and the other hand touching the earth, calling the earth to become the witness of truth i.e. attainment of nirvana. • Abhay mudra – expressing the fearlessness and that the light coming from Buddha do not discriminate between people to people i.e. all are equal. • Anjali mudra (Namaste) – denotes regard, learning something and wishing for prosperity."

Answer 184

• Indigenous. • Patronised by Satavahanas, flourished in the Krishna-Godavari valley. • Amravati stupa is a fantastic example. Only the stupa was built by the use of white marble. • Buddhist vihar was constructed at Nagapattinam. • Another example is in eastern India at Dhauli where a large elephant is coming out of a cave. • There are many small sculptors representing the Jatakas stories, and Puranic theme. This form of art is called 'narrative art'."

Answer 185

• An elaborate description of the painting is given in the Kamasutra of Vatsayayan -> 6 major parts or limbs of paintings. • But early painting can be traced to the pre-historic period, particularly during the Upper Palaeolithic in the form of cave paintings. • In the Upper Palaeolithic age, natural colours were used that came from plants that were dried up. So dry colour on drywalls was called Murals. E.g. in Bhimbetka in MP, Murahna Pahar in Mirzapur (UP). • Subsequently during the Buddhist period cave paintings were refined. Along with Mural paintings, Frescos are found. Frescos- wet colour on wet plaster. When dry soaked colour became a fresco painting."

Answer 186

Ajanta Cave • Here we have a combination of murals and frescos. • Ajanta cave – 29 caves in the form of Chaitya (worshipping place) and Viharas (residence for monks). • Cave no 1 – representation of Bodhisattvas and there is a representation of Tribhaga i.e. 3 great bodhisattvas. 1. Vajrapani – protection and exhibition of Buddha's power. 2. Manjushree – Buddha's wisdom 3. Avalokiteshvara – Compassion of Buddha. Also known as Padmapani or Amitabh. • In other caves, all the themes are based on Jatakas stories • Cave no 16 – painting of Dying Princess was also beautifully expressed. • The painting of Harshavardhan meeting with Avalokiteshwar is expressed using painting. Ellora Cave • Themes from all religions, Hindu deities, Jain and Buddha, are present. • Paintings of Vishnu and Lakshmi • Lord Shiva and followers are represented in two forms: solo dance Tandav and marriage of Shiva. • Painting of gracious Apsaras. • Here also murals and frescos were used. Other caves like Bhagh cave painting, Jogimara cave (Sarguja, Chhattisgarh) where continuity in painting can be found from pre-historic to ancient times."

Answer 187

1. Mural and Frescos 2. Miniature: 3. Early miniature: Pala School (AD 750-1100) and Apabhrams School 4. Mughal miniature: Rajput school and Pahari School"

Answer 188

Pala School of Miniature Art (AD 750-1100) • Earliest miniature painting. • Three rulers who patronised this art: Gopal, Dharmapala and Devpala • Pala rulers patronised Vajrayana Buddhism. The chief deity of Vajrayana Buddhism was Tara, spouse of Avalokiteshwar. • Many paintings are made on the palm leaf of Vallum leaf where a single image was painted. • The painting was used for the religious purpose of the Buddhist monks – to teach and practise the philosophy of non-violence. • Many paintings of Jataka theme and Bodhisattvas were painted in the form of a manuscript. • Famous painters – Dhimman and Vitpal. Apabhrams School of Painting (AD 1100-1500) • Developed in Gujarat and the Mewar region of Rajasthan. • Theme – Hindu god and goddess along with Jainism; representation of secular love in the form of Krishna & Radha. • The human figurine was given importance. • Great accuracy in facial expressions like double chin, pointed nose, and fish-shaped eyes. • Even animals and birds were also represented taking from a popular theme; painting of cow and Garuda. • The influence of Jaina iconography was also found, like the popular theme from Kalpashutra and Kalkacharya Katha in the form of narrative arts. Miniature painting reached its climax during the Mughal period."

Answer 189

▪ The word Sufi is derived from the word suf i.e. thick cloth. So those who wore thick cloth were called Sufi. The thick cloth was considered anti-materialistic. ▪ The reason behind the movement: impurity in Islam in the form of rising materialism. Islam is a religion of equality, purity, and simplicity. But very soon Islam was in the grip of hierarchy, glamour, and dominance of the mosque and the maulvis. These were rejected by the Sufi saints."

Answer 190

▪ The Sufi movement was started by Jahiz Basra, who advocated maintaining purity and simplicity in Islam. Sufi saints rejected the role of intermediaries like mosques and maulvis. ▪ They said that relation between God and humans is not like the slave and master. Rather there is a loving adoration of humans to God. ▪ In Sufi trading dance (Sama) and music (Raag) are the ways to meet the god. Rituals and intermediaries have no role in the relationship between God and humans."

Answer 191

▪ Sufi-> in the relationship between God and humans both sides had rights and obligations. ▪ So Sufi tradition said that the biggest hurdle that is preventing humans from meeting the god is 'ego'. ▪ Ego is mainly because of a lack of knowledge. Ego can be removed by imparting proper knowledge. One can receive knowledge by coming in contact with Pir, who is a mentor having an ocean of knowledge. ▪ Those who received the knowledge were called Murid, i.e. disciples. Those who are Murid today will become Pir tomorrow-> knowledge will be transferred from generation to generation. This is called Silsila i.e. continuation. ▪ Silsila will remove ego from mankind, thereby helping them come closer to god and achieve salvation. There are many silsilas of the Sufis. There are two kinds of Sufism: Wahadat-ul-Shud, which believed in Islamic brotherhood; and Wahadat-us-Wajid, those who believed in the unity of mankind. In India there are many silsilas: • Multan – Shuharwardi Silsila • Northern India – Chisti, • UP and Bihar – Firdausi and Shattari. • Bengal – Khadri • Minor silsilas- Naqsbandiya Sufis, Maneri Sufis. Chisti Silsila: most famous, accepted by a vast section of society. ▪ Under its influence, a large number of lower-caste Hindus converted to Islam. ▪ Founder - Sheikh Moinuddin Chisti ""Garib Nawaz"". He estb his Khanqah at Ajmer. Khanqah was a residential place of Sufi saints. He came to India along with Mohammad Ghori. ▪ But the spread of Sufism in India had nothing to do with the propagation of Islam. It spread because of its value

Answer 192

Classical – Hindustani style and Carnatic style Modern – Rock, Jazz, Pop, Blues, Trans Folk Music – Stree Geet, Panihari, Wanawan, Mand, Lavani Others (fusion of classical and folk) – Sugam sangeet, Rabindra sangeet, Haveli sangeet and Ganga sangeet. Indian Classical Music has two distinct varieties : Hindustani music • North India • Became popular during the Mughal period • Fusion of Indian, Persian & Arabic music. • Scope for improvisation -> various Gharanas developed • Equal Importance->instrument & Voice • 6 major ragas • Time factor is important, there are defined notes and variations • Common Instruments: Table, sarangi, sitar, santoor. Carnatic music • Southern India. • Became popular around the same time. • Indigenous • No freedom to improvise -> only one style • More emphasis on vocal music • 72 ragas • No adherence to time • Veena, mandolins, mridangam. • Flute and Veena are common to both."

Answer 193

• Both music systems trace their roots to Bharata's Natyashastra, but diverged in the 14th century. • HM adopted a scale of Shudha Swara Saptak or ""Octave of Natural Notes"". • HM has elements of ancient Hindu tradition, Vedic philosophy and Persian tradition. • Guru-Shishya Parampara carried it forward through generations. • Based on the raga system. Raga is a melodic scale comprising basic seven notes: sa, re, ga, ma, pa, dha, ni, and sa. • HM is vocal-centric. Major vocal forms: Khayal, Ghazal, Dhrupad, Dhammar, Tarana, Thumri. • Most of the Hindustani musicians trace their descent to Tansen, known as Gun Samudra. • Tansen, during Akbar's reign, invented many ragas, like Mian ki Toli, Mian kid rag, and Ragmalhar. • Dhrupad: oldest and grandest form of HM. It is essentially poetic. Rag and alap are integral to it. Alap is exposition proceedings composed in verses. Dhrupad is further divided into various gharana: Dagri, Darbhanga, Bettiah and Talwandi. • Khayal: originated by Amir Khusrau. Popular among artists as it provides scope for improvisation. Short songs in khayal = Bandis. Gharanas: Gwalior, Kirana, Patiala, Agra, Bhendibazaar."

Answer 194

1) Agriculture → related → fruits, vegetables, flowers, ornamental plants, spices, cashew, cocoa 2) Capital + labor intensive → India's share → fruit →10%; vegetable →14%; 2nd largest producer 3) Fruits → Banana top produced fruit (Tamil Nadu); Mango → Largest area cultivated (U.P) 4) Vegetables → highest share cultivation → Potato; Uttar Pradesh → highest in production 5) Flowers → Increase well being + affluence; diverse agro-climatic condition; Floriculture → increasing area → loose + cut flowers; Tamil Nadu→ highest share of production"

Answer 195

1) Contributes → 30.4% → India's agriculture GDP; Improving income → rural sector → employment; Doubling farmers income; smaller scale of cultivation 2) Food security + Hidden hunger → reduce; Nutrition → POSHAN abhiyan; roughage+ fibre 3) Increased production → export; Value addition → Food processing industry → raw material 4) Horticulture growth → agriculture; Low per capita consumption → low (46gms,130gm) 5) Cultivable wasteland → Horticulture crop→ without diverting agricultural land"

Answer 196

1) Price realization → dumping of farm produce → distress sale→ dip in production cycle 2) Market inefficiencies → short shelf life + poor storage capacity; poor government policies 3) High input cost + initial capital high → Small+ marginal farmer → lack resources 4) Volatility → price fluctuations; Export oriented → WTO norms → phyto sanitary measures 5) Limited availability → market intelligence + hedging risk → future trading 6) Climate change variability → Ex: loss of apple production → hailstorm, landslide"

Answer 197

1) MIDH → Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture → Integrate → Horticulture+ Bamboo+ Coconut → (a) Holistic development; area based regionally differentiated strategy; (b) Encourage aggregation of farmers → FPO, SFAC, Co-operatives; (c) Improve productivity → germplasm, water use efficiency → Micro Irrigation; (d) skill development + employment generation → post harvest management + value addition + cold storage 2) Remote sensing + Geographic Information System → planning + monitoring; Ex: Bhuvan 3) Technology driven program → High Density Plantation+ Bee-keeping for crop pollination 4) National Horticulture Mission → Rejuvenation, replacement senile plantations → canopy management → low productivity farms; Integrated Pest Management; Post harvest management + processing; Cluster based development 5) Construction of green houses, shade net house, plastic mulching, plastic tunnels, anti bird/hail nets → construction cost to be minimal 6) TOPS/Operation Greens → enlarged → 22 perishable products → Subsidy on transportation + storage → TOP → TOTAL → increase market availability → avoid distress sale 7) National Bamboo Mission→ Yield + new variety + coverage area for bamboo; Promotion of marketing → handicrafts; Develop technology → scientific + traditional; Employment"

Answer 198

1) Pulses → High quality protein + complement cereal protein; Low cost → Dietary habit suited 2) Leguminous crops → restoring → soil fertility; Source of Protein; Less moisture → dry conditions; Major states → Madhya pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gram → 40% share; Tur/Arhar → 20%; Cultivated → Marginal + sub marginal land 3) 2023 → International year of Millet. Common millet grown → Jowar(sorghum), Bajra, Ragi etc. Millet → 60% less coverage area; Important source→ Nutritional security"

Answer 199

1) Famine reserves → non-acid forming, non-glutinous, highly nutritious, easily digestible, low glycaemic index (GI) → slow release of glucose; good amount of dietary fiber 2) 'Miracle grains' + 'crops of the future → Wider adaptability → coastal → dry areas→ withstand → moisture + temperature variability + drought resistant 3) Dual purpose → Food + Fodder → livelihood + livestock; low use of chemical fertilizers 4) Curbing the life style disease → important to fight changing disease burden of India 5) Environmentally sustainable agriculture → reduce atmospheric carbon pressure"

Answer 200

1) Climate resilient staple food crops → dry land agriculture; Rain fed area → most cultivated 2) Supply – demand mismatch; Decreasing production; low demand due to look + taste 3) Short–shelf life → storage → primary processed product; Lack of awareness → health benefit 4) Higher incidence of pest + fungal infection → rainy season; Absence of production support 5) Competition → market friendly remunerative crop + preference pattern in consumption 6) Huge import bill; Policy bias towards → Rice + wheat; Low yield → seeding + milling loss"

Answer 201

1) Inclusion in (Targeted) Public Distribution System → sub-mission 'Nutri-cereals' → high nutritive value + anti-diabetic properties 2) Nutritional Security through Intensive Millet Promotion → under RKVY → integrate improved production + post harvest technology; NFSM → enhance production 3) Pricing support → MSP + price realization + procurement + inclusion under NFSM, PDS 4) Short duration → Pest resistant crop; Seed multiplication→ increase per capita availability 5) Area expansion → change cropping system → cereal-based cropping, inter-cropping 6) Buffer stock → overcome seasonal variability → Food + nutritional security → Protein; Low carbon + water footprint → sustainable farming system + dietary diversification 7) Small holder centric crop → Efficient market system → FPO+ electronic National Agriculture Market → value chain integration"

Answer 202

1) Population of region → High birth/high death → low birth/low death → rural agrarian → urban industrial → cycle → demographic cycle 2) first stage → high fertility + high mortality; Growth → slow; Second stage → fertility → mortality; Third stage → decline in mortality (net addition); Last stage → fertility + mortality stabilizes; population either stable → grows slowly"

Answer 203

1) India → 62.5% → 15-59 years; Peak around 2041; share of working age population → 59% 2) Economic growth potential → shifts in a population's age structure → share of working-age population > non-working-age share 3) First → Working age population increases + % of dependents (young + old) decrease 4) Second → increase in adult longevity → savings increase → economic growth + investment"

Answer 204

1) Economic growth → increasing economic activity → domestic demand → higher working population→ per capita GDP increase → consumption increase 2) Human capital → Potential workforce → advanced economy + self reliant India 3) Increased labor supply → Productivity + skill; Capital formation → Increase stock of capital 4) Accelerate shift → knowledge economy + disruption→ innovation economy → unicorns 5) Creation → social goods → health + education → resource divert → infrastructure 6) NFHS 5 → TFR → Replacement rate (2.1) → 19 states; Demographic shift → 1020women /1000 men; Sex ratio at birth → 929; More than 50% → anaemic child + women; Significance → Urban (1.6)-Rural divide (2.1) in TFR; North (younger + male)-South divide; Challenges → Women → translate → economic freedom + autonomy; literacy rate; overcoming divide"

Answer 205

1) Enhancing skill → human capital → unproductive + under employed 2) Low human development → Nutritional deficiency+ Life expectancy + stunting + wasting 3) Informal economy → low wages + little social security → seasonal employment 4) Jobless growth → deindustrialization, de-globalization, 4th industrial revolution, technology 5) Asymmetric demography → Concentrated poor state → Southern states → replacement rate 6) Skewed gender ratio → Declining female labor force participation → 27% 7) Demographic disaster → Digital technology substituting current jobs + lack of skills → increase old population → economic insecurity → state burden → social security"

Answer 206

1) Addressing social evil → child marriage, access → quality sexual + reproductive health services + family planning services + contraceptives → reducing fertility 2) Building human capital → Investing → healthcare + education + job + skill → NSDC + PM kaushal vikas yojana + digital literacy; inclusive society → fighting erosion of opportunity 3) Nutritional security → RMNCH + A → ICDS scheme → Start up + Stand up India scheme 4) Urbanisation → Planned + safe sustainable cities; Smart City Mission, AMRUT mission 5) Job creation → formal + white collared → EODB → Business interest + entrepreneurship"

Answer 207

1) Change → number of inhabitants + specified territory + specified time; Might be +ve/-ve 2) Natural growth → Births – Deaths; Actual growth = Natural Growth + Net Migration 3) Density → number of people/size of the land → Persons/sq km"

Answer 208

1) Geographical factors → Availability of fresh water, Land forms (gentle slopes, plains), Climate (harsh climates → sparsely populated), Soils (agriculture soils) 2) Economic Factors → Minerals(mining), Urbanization (Migration), Social + Cultural factors, Industrialization, Ease of living, economic opportunities"

Answer 209

1) Internal migration → Inter + Intra regional; Long term + Short term; Construction; 2) Rural-Urban Migration → Economic reasons → Second five year plan → industries set up, Large growth → IT industry; increased by LPG based reforms 3) Seasonal migration → rural landless, agriculture, religious reasons → urban areas → Footloose industries; under employment; Tourism industry → Hilly areas in summer 4) Rural-Rural migration→ social reasons → marriage, communal tensions, evictions, resettlement; Urban-Rural → reverse migration/counter current → largely old population"

Answer 210

1) Urbanization→ demographic explosion + poverty-induced → rural-urban migration 2) Inter state migration ~ 9 million annually; Climate change → Disaster induced migration 3) Distress migration → rural-agrarian crisis; pandemic induced → lock down; Vulnerability increases due to → lack negotiating power + lack social + political clout 4) Ghettos and urban slums; social impact → crime rate increase; poor social indicators 5) Environment degradation → urban ecology → urban heat island, eutrophication of urban water bodies, air pollution, land + water stress. Ex: Bengaluru"

Answer 211

1) Structural gaps → circular migration → Opportunities in rural areas → Shift from primary to tertiary sectors; social security + formalization of economy → estimation of number 2) Development of satellite towns → alternate industry; absorb the excess migrant 3) Rural urbanization → RURBAN mission; MPLAD, Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana, PURA 4) Developing → functional towns + functional specialization; reduce load on urban centres 5) Smart city mission → Affordable housing programs (PM AWAS yojana); Law enforcement needs to be sensitized → Looked with suspicion 6) Peace, stability, regional development, digital literacy → ASPIRE scheme, DISHA, CSC scheme, MGNREGA → Better remuneration and timely payments"

Answer 212

1) Proportion of area → crops → given time → unit area; Temporal + spatial arrangement 2) India → tradition bound + Food crop oriented (rice, wheat → base crop) + regional variation 3) Subsistence level → Number of crops grown; Cash crops → Negligible; Rain fed nature 4) Small size → Land holding; Over dependency → Food security; Pressure → Land resource 5) Cropping System = Cropping Pattern + Management; Efficient utilization of resources + Stability, Higher net agricultural return"

Answer 213

1) Geographical Factor → physical environment + fertility + climate + temperature + moisture 2) Socio - Cultural Factors- Food Habits, Customs, Traditions, local preferences etc. 3) Infrastructure Factors → Irrigation, Storage, Transport, Extension Services etc. 4) Economic Factors - Land Ownership, Land Tenancy, Land tenure, Size of Land Holding Labor Intensive and capital-intensive agricultural crops, information system + marketing 5) Technological factor → Mapping, drones, availability of genetic seeds 6) Government policy → Non-distortion, price support mechanism, rural credit availability"

Answer 214

1) Enhancing soil fertility → Nitrogen fixation; perennial forages + millet → soil organic content 2) Inhibit pest, disease → biological predator; reduce homogeneity, against dispersal of pest 3) Resource efficiency → Integrated farming system → ecological sustainable 4) Reduce risk of crop failure → differential response → climate → income security to farmer 5) Food security → fork to farm; nutritional deficiency overcome; crop diversification"

Answer 215

1) Pre-Green Revolution Phase → 3/4th, → under food crops → sugarcane dominated 2) Green Revolution Phase → MSP announced → assured market + income; wheat-rice predominance; self-sufficiency; intensive + commercial agriculture production system 3) Economic Reform Phase → rise of Agricultural export + corporate, contract farming + mechanization + diversification → non-food crop prominence; Prime moving force"

Answer 216

1) Reasons → food grains → remunerative + productive; MSP → rice, wheat high sans millet 2) Change in consumption pattern → cereals → rice + wheat; food processing + middle class 3) Change from demand driven production pattern → reduce input cost; storage is poor 4) Gov Measures → National food security mission → increasing production → pulses 5) Increasing push towards oil seeds + oil palms; millet; fortification of crops; horticulture 6) Rationalization of MSP; Soil health card scheme → improve soil fertility + organic farming"

mgp cc - envi Flashcards

(240 cards)