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1
Q

“1,What is meant by ASAT?,

A

“,1) (i) ASAT [Anti Satellite Missile]→Incapacitate or destroy the satellites→Tactic or strategic purposes(ii) Two variants: (a) Kinetic based attack

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2
Q

“2,What is Mission Shakti?,

A

“,1) India’s ASAT→DRDO’s brainchild-Kinetic kill vehicle: Prithvi defense vehicle Mark-II→Developed under Project XSV-I. 2) PDV-Mark-II:3 stage vehicle→ (i)First two stages-Solid propellant→Same technology of Sagarika missile(ii)Third stage→Kill vehicle

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3
Q

“3,What is the significance of Mission Shakti?,

A

“,1) (i) India→Elite club of space superpower countries (ii)Reinforcement→India’s Nuclear deterrence capability + No First Use policy

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4
Q

“4,What are the challenges in ASAT missions?,”,

A

1) (i) Weaponization of space & Proliferation of WMD
(ii) Space battlefield→Generation of space debris→Detriment for critical space assets like GPS

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5
Q

“5,What are the other safe alternatives available to attack the satellites?,”,

A

1) (i) Dazzle with stream of LASER→Partially blind: To make satellites dysfunctional
(ii)Interfering with radio signals→Jamming the communication system

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6
Q

“6,What are the initiatives which are taken in the ASAT attack capability front?,

A

“,1) (i) USA→RIM-161 Standard missile 3 ABM: Explosion of Hydrazine fuel tank
2) Russia→(i) PL 19 Nudol: Direct assent & hit

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7
Q

7,What is meant by 5G?,”

A

,”1) 5G→5th generation mobile network→Designed to connect virtually → Object, devices and humans. 2) Characteristics: (i)Up to 10GBPS data-rate [Real data transfer-50MBPS To 1GBPS]; (ii)Transmission lag[latency] -1 milli-second ;(iii) Bandwidth/unit area→Greater than 4G version; (iv)Connected devices/Unit area→100 times compared to 4G; (v) Availability→99.99% uptime; (vi) Network energy usage→90 % reduction; (vii)Up to 10 year battery life→Low power IoT device.

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8
Q

8,What is the evolution behind 5G?,”,

A

“1) First generation[1G]: (i) Analog radio signals; (ii)Voice calls only; (iii)Speed→2.4KBPS. 2) Second generation[2G]: (i) Digital radio signals; (ii) Voice & Data transmission; (iii) Speed→40KBPSs; (iv) Improved coverage & capacity text available→SMS &MMS. 3) Third generation [3G]: (i)Voice with data→Internet; Video calls; Mobile TV; (ii)Speed→384KBPS; (iv) LTE→Offers decent data speed. 4) Fourth generation [4G]: (i)Designed for data→Internet; IM, Video calls, Cloud computing, Gaming; Virtual reality etc; (ii)Speed→50MBPS; (iii)Voice over LTE→Digital packet voice services delivered over IP.

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9
Q

“9,What is the significance of 5G?,”,

A

1) (i) Real time services requiring high peak data→(a)Gaming & Machine reality(b)Massive Machine Type Communication→Industrial IoT

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10
Q

“10,What are the challenges in 5G?,”

A

,1) (i) 5G bad for aircraft→Interference with On-board systems →Prevent engine & braking systems to landing mode
(ii) 5G device transmits large volume data→Current 4G backhaul services inadequate to carry 5G service

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11
Q

“11,What are the measures than can be taken for expanding the footprint of 5G?,

A

“,1) (i) Fiber foot prints→Need to expand in North east & Himachal range states
(ii) Domestic silicon chips manufacturing→Need to ramp up under Digital India Mission

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12
Q

“12,What is meant by Gaganyaan mission?,”,

A

1) Gaganyaan→Demonstration of Human space flight→Indian crewed orbital spacecraft: 3 astronauts to LEO. 2) Objective: (i) To demonstrate Indigenous capability
(ii) Sustained space program→In long run

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13
Q

“13,What are the functional mechanisms are there in Gaganyaan?,

A

“,1) GSLV MK-III: (a)3 stage vehicle→(i)Stage I→Solid boosters
Stage 2→Liquid motor

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14
Q

“14,What is the significance of Gaganyaan mission?,”

A

,1) (i) High Technology capability→Human space exploration
Sample return mission

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15
Q

“15,What are the challenges in Gaganyaan mission?,”

A

,1) (i) Creating earth like situations in Crew capsule→Major hurdle
(ii) Return mission protocol→Yet be tested

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16
Q

“16,What are the measures that can be taken forward to better utilization of Gaganyaan mission?,”

A

,1) (i) Establishment of knowledge networks→Ramp up Indigenous knowledge
(ii)Propelling the progress→Establishing India’s own space stations

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17
Q

“17,What is meant by Assisted Reproductive Technology?,”

A

,1) ART→Medical procedure→To address infertility
Medical procedures: In-vitro fertilization

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18
Q

“18,What are the highlights of ART bill-2021?,

A

“,1) Definition of ART→All methods→To detect pregnancy→Outside human body→Transmitting the embryo→Female reproductive system. 2) National Register of Clinics And Banks→Database of all clinics and banks→Powers: (i)Timeline for validity: 5 year after registration
(ii) Extended up to another 5 years

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19
Q

“19,What is the significance of ART?,”,

A

1) (i) Optimize the chances→Singleton pregnancies
(ii) Increase the probability: Healthy baby

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20
Q

“20,What are the challenges in the ART?,”,

A

1) (i) Role of government establishments→Didn’t get a clear picture
(ii)Cost of procedure→Higher end→Violates Right to equality

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21
Q

“21,What are the measures that can be taken for better implementation of ART?,”,

A

1) (i) Profit motive of ART establishments→ Monitoring wing is dire need
(ii) Expansion of coverage in bill→LGBTQIA + Single Men/ Women

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22
Q

“22,What is IRNSS?,”,

A

1) IRNSS→Brainchild of ISRO→Independent Regional Navigation System→Aim: Accurate position information service
Range of IRNSS: 1500 km from India’s boundary. 2) Two types of services: (a) Standard positioning service→Accessible to everyone

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23
Q

“23,What is the working mechanism of IRNSS?,”

A

,1) Space segment: 3 Geo stationary orbit satellites + 4 Geo synchronous satellites→Functions: (i)Transmission of navigation
(ii)Timing information

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24
Q

“24,What are the applications of IRNSS?,”,

A

1) (i) TerrestrialAerial & Marine Navigation

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25
"25,What is the significance of IRNSS?,",
1) (i) Accuracy of restricted service is 10cm→(a) Enable cutting edge military operations (b) Ensuring the fool proof communication & tracking system
26
"26,What are the challenges in the IRNSS System?
,",1) (i) Receiver→Consumes more power→Carbon burden is increasing (ii)Coverage is regional centric
27
"27,What are the other positioning services functioning throughout the world?,",
1) India: GAGAN [GPS AIDED GEO AUGUMENTED NAVIGATION] 2) International: US→GPS Russia→GLONASS
28
"28,What is meant by LIDAR?,"
,1) LIDAR→Light Detection & Ranging→Remote sensing tool→High energy Pulse laser→Algorithm of laser→3D representation of objects. 2) Types: (i) Ground based (ii)Airborne
29
"29,What is the mechanism of LIDAR?,",
1) (i) Principle of LIDAR→Same as of Electronic Distance Measuring Instrument (ii) LIDAR→Emits laser light→Calculates time→Based on Transmission & Receiving
30
"30,What are the applications of LIDAR?,"
,1) Autonomous vehicle→Self driving cars Drones
31
"31,What is the significance of LIDAR technology?,"
,1) (i) Automated functionality→Reduce the experienced man power→In operations (ii) Agility→Transreceivers operations→In nanoseconds
32
"32,What are the drawbacks in LIDAR technology?,"
,1) (i) LIDAR system→Complex setup→Run base stations (ii) Deep understanding→Functioning of sensors
33
"33,What is meant by Hyperloop technology?,",
1) Hyper-loop→Transportation through low pressure tubes Custom designed capsules/Pods→ Front portion: Compressor
34
"34,What is the operational mechanism of Hyperloop?,",
1) Two main parts→(i)Tracks (ii) Capsules
35
"35,What is the significance of Hyperloop technology?,
",1) (i)Swift transportation→Speed equal that of flight→Intercontinental mobility will spurt (ii) Emission intensity→Very lower than conventional transports
36
"36,What are the challenges involved in Hyperloop technology?,",
1) (i) Technology still in nascent stage→It’ll take years to fully operational (ii)Initial investment + Overhead cost→Very high
37
"37,What are the measures that can be taken to promote Hyperloop transportation?,",
1) (i) Rigorous testing→To predict unintended consequences (ii) Research & Development→ Alternatives for Steel tube
38
"38,What are the initiatives which are taken in Hyperloop transportation front?,",
1) India: (i) AP government→Vijayawada to Amravati (ii) Virgin group + Maharashtra government → Mumbai to Pune
39
"39,What is meant by Blockchain technology?,"
,1) Blockchain→Indestructible Digital ledger→Ledger: Account Book→Debit & Credit→Digitized Decentralized Public ledger→Operations visibility→ every nodes. 2) Distributed nodes→Transfer of digital assets→No need: Centralized authorizations.
40
"40,What are the applications of Blockchain technology?,",
1) Real time encrypted ledger systems →(a)Money transfer →(i) Eliminates Bureaucratic red-tapism (ii) Reduce third party fee. 2) Smart contracts →(i) Health care→Personalized health plan: Transfer sensitive information→ between patients & doctors
41
"41,What is the significance of Blockchain technology?,",
1) (i) Security→Decentralized nature→Impossible to breach (ii)Transparency→Entry & Follow-up→Visible to everyone→In decentralized network
42
"42,What are the challenges in Blockchain technology?,",
1) (i) Scalability→Managing large number of users→In single time→Formidable challenge (ii)Shadow dealing→Lacks regulatory oversight→Terror funding
43
"43,Should the government regularize crypto currencies?,",
1) Favorable: (i)Prevent market manipulation→To protect investors (ii)Technology at breakneck pace
44
"44,What are the measures that can be taken for reaping the benefits of Blockchain technology?,",
1) (i) Government initiatives→Enlarge the blockchain application→In Education Pharmaceutical & Health sectors
45
"45,What is meant by Polymerase Chain Reaction & RT-PCR?,",
1) PCR→Laboratory technique→To amplify DNA sequences→ Denaturation Primers
46
"46,What are the applications of RT-PCR & PCR?,"
,1) Genetic research: (i)Amplification of DNA→Northern/Southern blot hybridization (ii) Study→Gene expression patterns
47
"47,What is the significance of PCR &RT-PCR?,"
,1) (i) Detection of mutations→Early gene therapy→Saving precious life (ii)Higher sensitivity→Compared to culture & Staining
48
"48,What are the challenges in PCR &RT-PCR?,
",1) (i) Lower specificity→Compared to culture & Staining (ii) Narrow list of causative agents→To use specific primers
49
"49,What are the alternatives available for swift testing apart from RT-PCR?,"
,1) Rapid Antigen Detection Test: Swabbed nasal samples→Detects Antigen→Found with SARS- COV-2 virus →Advantage: Low time consumption→Than RT-PCR Disadvantage: Fail to detect→Active infection. 2) Serological test: Detect the Antibodies→Disease specific→Advantage: Detect→Asymptomatic & Symptomatic carriers
50
50,What is meant by Internet of Things?,",
"1) IoT→Network of physical objects→Embedded with Software, Sensors & Technologies→ Purpose: Connect together & Exchange data→Hassle-free accomplishment of task. 2) Technology behind IoT: (i)Low cost/Low power sensor technology; (ii)Cloud computing platforms; (iii)Machine learning & Analytics; (iv)Conversational Artificial Intelligence. 3) Core principles: (i) Convergence; (ii) Connectivity; (iii) Communication; (iv)Collectivity etc.
51
"51,What are the applications of Internet Of Things?,",
1) Smart homes: Blend→Intelligent Utility systems + Entertainment →(i) Automatic illumination system(ii) Advanced locking system
52
"52,What is the Significance of IoT?,",
1) (i)Competitive advantage in Supply chain→Inventory maintenance→Profit multiplier (ii)IoT + AI → Predictive analysis→Transparent functioning→Workplace atmosphere
53
"53,What are the challenges exist in IoT systems?,",
1) (i) Lack of encryption→Manipulated algorithms→Prone to hack (ii) Insufficient testing & Updating→IoT Manufacturers→Hunt for profit→Compromise the security→Testing stage
54
"54,What are the initiatives which are taken for promoting IoT?,",
1) India: (i) National Digital communication policy-2018 (ii) IoT component→Digital India Mission
55
"55,What is meant by Quantum computing?,
",1) Quantum computing→Principle: Quantum mechanics→Collective properties of quantum states →(i)Superposition (ii)Quantum Interference
56
"56,What are the applications of Quantum computing?,",
1) Machine learning: Widespread application→Voice Image & Handwriting recognition→High speed & Accuracy→In solving Complex task. 2) Computational chemistry: IBM reveals→Existence of Both 0 & 1→Map the Molecule→Potential chemical & Material science research [Example: Room temperature superconductor] 3) Drug design & development→ AI + Quantum tech→(i)Analyzing the effect of drug→On humans & animals
57
"57,What is the significance of Quantum computing?,",
1) (i)Time consumption for computation→On lower scale [Example: 65Qubit processor→1400 CLOPS] (ii) Addition of qubits→Exponential expansion of storage
58
"58,What are the challenges of Quantum computing?,",
1) (i)Qubits are not digital→Impossible to use→Conventional error correction(ii)Minimum energy requirement→5 times of conventional computers
59
"59,What are the initiatives which have been taken in Quantum computing front?,",
1) India: (i)National Mission on Quantum Tech and Application(ii)DST→QuEST initiative
60
"60,What is meant by 3-D Printing Technology?,",
1) 3D printing→Variety of process→Under computer control→To create 3D object→Process: (i)Deposition(ii)Joining
61
"61,What are the applications of 3-D printing?,",
1) Food sector→Additive manufacturing of food→NASA→3D printed food products→For astronauts→To limit food waste→In international space station. 2) (i)In Pharma: Fused deposition modeling→Drug delivery→Depends on patient needs(ii)3D Printed soft actuators→To develop soft structures→Organ & tissue development. 3) Education→Open source 3-D printers & technology→Unprecedented revolution→STEM segment. 4) Military segment: Designing the firearms & Armor plates→Low retardation rate→In mass production. [Example: GE Aviation→Manufacture the chopper→16 parts instead 900] 5) In Transport sector: Additive manufacturing→Transformation →(i) Uni-body fuselage &Power train→Design & production. [Example: AUDI RSQ→KUKA Robots]
62
"62,What is the significance of 3D-printing?,"
,1) (i)Speed of 3D printing→Zero defect manufacturing practices (ii)3D technology→Cheap alternative for CNC Machining & Injection molding
63
"63,What are the challenges of 3D Technology?,"
,1) (i)Integrated 3D printing unit→Space congestion (ii)Illinois institute of technology→3D printing→releases 200 tiny toxic particles/Minute
64
"64,What are the measures that can be taken for promoting 3-D Technology?,",
1) (i)Increase the R&D→Support from commerce ministry (ii) Incentives/Tax holiday→Corporate participation
65
"65,What is meant by Artificial intelligence?,",
1) AI→Machine learning →Self improvement-natural Intelligence→Perceives the command→from external environment→maximizes the efficiency→To accomplish the task.
66
"66,What are the applications of Artificial intelligence?,",
1) (i)Robotics: AI→Increased the penetration→Finance Marketing
67
"67,What is the significance of Artificial Intelligence?,",
1) (i)Cutting edge technology→Broadened the scope of application→In various industries [Example: Israel’s Robotic Infantry](ii)Round the clock performance→Prompt & precise→Decision making skills
68
"68,What are the challenges in Artificial Intelligence?,",
1) (i)Expensive architecture→Building neural network→Unaffordable by Industrial Giants too(ii)AI fuelling→Major unemployment scenario [Example: Automobile sector]
69
"69,What are the initiatives which are taken for promoting Artificial Intelligence?,",
1) Indian initiatives: (i)AI Portal(ii)National Research Foundation→NEP 2020
70
"70,What is meant by Nanotechnology?,",1
) Nanotech → Branch of Science → Understanding & Control of matter → Particle dimension → Nanometer scale → Utility: (i) Design (ii) Production
71
"71,What are the applications of Nanotechnology?,"
,1) In Energy: (a) Nanotech → Effective replacement → Silicon plate of Solar panels → Benefits: (i) Efficiency → Doubled (ii) Depreciation rate→Halved

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