mgp cc - ancient medieval

Question 1

Q1,How Islam made inroads into India?,

Answer 1

1) death of the Prophet (c. 632 CE)→ leadership passed on to the Caliphs→ Umayyads and the Abbasids started spreading Islamic ideas through conquest. 2) Arab Invasion of Sindh: ruled by Dahir→ general of the Umayyad Caliphate, Muhammad bin Qasim invaded Sindh(712 CE)→ defeated Dahir and islamized Sindh.

Question 2

Q2,What was the condition of India on the eve of Mahmud Ghazni invasion?,

Answer 2

[1]North India → number of independent states [2] Hindushahi kingdom ruling Indian N-W frontiers + Jayapala and his son Anandapala [3] lohara dynasty in Kashmir [4] North: Gurjara Pratihara rule in Kannauj, Bengal (Pala dynasty),Gujarat (Solanki dynasty), Malwa (Paramara dynasty) and Bundhelkhand (Chandella dynasty) [5] South: Chalukyas and Cholas.

Question 3

Q3,Who was Mahmud of Gazni and what was impact of his raids on India?,

Answer 3

1) About Gazni: Son of Sabuktigin (founder of Ghaznavid empire in Afghanistan) [2] raided India 17 times for the purpose of plunder [1001-1027 AD] [3] invasion of India was purely religious + economic and not political [4] defeated Jaypala ruler of Shahi Kingdom [5] 1018 Mahmud plundered the holy city of Mathura + Kannuaj [6] 16th raid 1025 was on Somnath temple. [7] Firdausi and Alberuni were in his court who wrote Shah Namah and Kitab-ul-Hind respectively. 2) Impact: [1] expanded Ghaznavid empire Persia, Trans-oxyana, Afghanistan and Punjab [2] paved the way for the Turks and Afghans for further conquests [3] hero of Islam [4] exposed the inadequacy of Indian politics to offer a united defense against external threats.

Question 4

Q4,Who was Muhammad Ghori and what was impact of his raids on India?,

Answer 4

1) About Muhammad Ghori: vassals of Ghazni→ claimed independence after Ghazni’s death→ Ghori ascended the throne in 1173 AD→ Unlike Ghazni, Ghori wanted to establish his kingdom in India. 2) Invasion of India: [1] seven major invasions against India [2] defeated by Chalukya ruler Bhima Solanki in Gujarat [3] his advance into Gangetic doab→ conflict with Prithviraj Chauhan→ defeated in 1st battle of Tarain (1191 AD, Haryana)→ won in 2nd battle of Tarain and executed Prithiviraj [4] Muhammad Ghori returned to Ghazni→ made his trusted slave Qutub-ud-din Aibak, head of affairs in India→ assassination of Ghori→ foundation of slave (Mamluk) dynasty. 3) Impact on India: [1] foundation of Delhi Sultanate [2] exposed weakness of Indian polity [3] founder of Islamic rule in India [4] his general Bhakhtiyar Khilji, ransacked Nalanda and Vikramshila mahavihara.

Question 5

Q1,What are the 4 noble truth of Buddhism?,

Answer 5

taught by Buddha in Dhammachakraparivartan. [1] The world is full of sorrow [2] The cause of sorrows = desire; unfulfilled desires→ vicious cycle of births and rebirths [3] Man can get rid of sorrow by triumphing over the desires [4] Desired can be triumphed by following middle path (life of moderation and self control)

Question 6

Q2,What are important literature on Buddhism?,

Answer 6

Buddha spoke Ardha Magadhi, early buddhist literature→ Pali; later Sanskrit + pali. 1) Tripitaka: Tripitaka or Three Baskets [1] Vinaya Pitaka: rules and regulations for Monks. [2] Sutta Pitaka: Buddha’s teachings [3] Abhidhamma Pitaka dealt with philosophical matters. 2) Dipavamsa: story of Buddhism in Srilanka. 3) Mahavamsa: regional histories of Buddhism. 4) Buddhacharita: in form of Poem, in Sanskrit, by Ashvaghosha, about the life of the Buddha. 5) Milinda Panha: written by Nagsena around 100 BC, it contain discussion of Indo-Greek King Menander I or Milinda with sage Nagsena. 6) Jatakas: folklore literature about Buddha.

Question 7

Q3,What is Nirvana and how it is different from moksha?,

Answer 7

1) Nirvana: extinguishing of the ego and desire → escape from the cycle of rebirth → end the cycle of suffering; one can attain nirvana in lifetime. 2) Moksha: with grace of God→ escape from the cycle of rebirth→ soul reuniting with universal soul; one can attain moksha only after death.

Question 8

Q4,What was the Buddhist sangha?,

Answer 8

1) body of disciples of the Buddha→ spread dhamma + lived on alms (Bhikkus); both Men and women can join sangha; Theras/theris= senior bhikkhus/ bhikkhunis. 2) Viharas: place of temporary stay for Buddhist monks. 3) Chaitya: place of worship (prayer hall)

Question 9

Q5,What were the Buddhist councils and their significance?,

Answer 9

congregation of Buddhist scholars → discuss theological aspects of Buddhism. 1st Buddhist council: Rajgir 486 BC, Ajatshatru, Mahakassapa - collected Buddhist Scriptures. 2nd Buddhist council: Vaishali 383 BC, Kalashoka, Sabakmani - split into Sthaviravadinis and Mahasanghikas. 3rd Buddhist council: Patliputra 250 BC, Ashoka, Mogaliputta Tissa - Codification of Abhidhamma Pitaka. 4th Buddhist Council: Kashmir 72 AD, Kanishka, Vasumitra - division into Mahayana & Hinayana sects

Question 10

Q1,What were the reasons for the emergence of Buddhism and Jainism around 600 BC.,

Answer 10

[1] Later Vedic period→ Religious dominance of Brahmans→ ritualism in Hinduism [2] Subjugation of Vaishyas→ lower in caste hierarchy [3] Support of trading community [4] discovery of Iron→ boost in agriculture→ social inequality [5] need for peace and stability in society [6] vernacular language [7] patronage of various kings [8] equality opportunity for women and Shudras in spiritual quest.

Question 11

Q2,What was the Shraman tradition?,

Answer 11

[1] Non-Vedic movement parallel to Vedic Hinduism. [2] Meaning of Shramaṇ: seeker+ cult of wandering Monks + Mendicancy+ asceticism [3]Reasons for its emergence: centralized and ritualistic religion→ disillusionment → practice of renouncing the world.

Question 12

Q3,How Shraman tradition impacted society?,

Answer 12

[1] started practice of renouncing the world [2] gave rise to Jainism, Buddhism, Ajivikas, Ajnanas, and Carvakas [3] concepts such as nirvāṇa, samsara, mokṣa, Karma, rebirth [4] development of yogic practices [5] rejection of caste system [6] rejection of vedic authority.

Question 13

Q4,How Buddhism came into existence?,

Answer 13

[1] Gautama born in Lumbini(Nepal), belong to sakya clan [2] At age 29 Gautama left worldly affairs→ became ascetic→ adopted extreme methods but failed→ adopted middle path [3] attained Nirvana in Bodh gaya→ first sermon in sarnath ‘Dharma-Chakra-Pravartana’ → died at the age of 80 in 483 BCE at a place called Kushinagara ‘Mahaparinibban’.

Question 14

Q5,What are the core teachings of Buddhism?,

Answer 14

1) Ignorance gives rise to desire→ unfulfilled desire → sorrow→ impulse to be born again and again to satisfy desire → source of suffering→ ignorance must be destroyed to avoid suffering. 2) Buddha discarded Vedic Religions and Vedas+ Soul does not exist+ Believed in concept of Karma+ Believed in Rebirth+ Propagated Ahimsa+ attaining Nirvana+ God is not creator of Universe+ Did not believe in transmigration of soul+ soul dies with death of person+ accepted life after death. 3) world is transient (anicca) + soulless (anatta) + sorrow (dukkha) is intrinsic to human existence+ middle path (madhyam pratipada) avoid sorrow. 4) Buddhism is agnostic religion.

Question 15

Q1,How Political structure of Early Vedic was different from Later Vedic?,

Answer 15

Early Vedic Period. 1) basic unit of political organization→ Kula; Multiple families →’grama’; Leader of ‘grama’ = ‘Gramani’; Group of villages were called ‘visu’, headed by ‘vishayapati’. 2) The highest political and administrative unit was ‘jana’ or tribe. 3) tribal kingdoms - Bharatas, Matsyas, Yadus and Purus; The head of kingdom was ‘Rajan’ or king→ hereditary monarchy. 4) There were two bodies- Sabha (council of elders) and Samiti (general assembly of people) 5) Bali → voluntary tribute/sacrifice offered to Rajan. 6) no territorial administration. Later Vedic Period. 1) Larger kingdoms → ‘Mahajanapadas or rashtras’ → power of king increased. 2) performed various rituals like Rajsuya, Vajpeya and Ashwamedha. 3) The kings → title of Samrat (sole ruler). 4) Samiti and the Sabha → diminished.

Question 16

Q2,How Social structure of Early Vedic was different from Later Vedic?,

Answer 16

Early Vedic Period 1) The Rig Vedic society was basically patriarchal. 2) Family = ‘graham’; head = ‘grahapathi’. 3) Monogamy was practiced, polygamy among rich. 4) Women had equal opportunities 5) Apala, Viswavara, Ghosa and Lopamudra were women poets. 6) Women could attend the popular assemblies. 7) No child marriage and no sati practice; Social divisions not rigid; Widow remarriage was allowed. Later Vedic Period: 1) The Varna system became prevalent- four divisions of society : Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas and Sudras; A Brahmin and Kshatriyas occupied a higher position than others → sub-castes on the basis of occupation emerged. 2) Women were considered inferior and subordinate to men now and also lost their political rights of attending assemblies; Child marriages became common; Gotras appeared and institutionalized.

Question 17

Q3,How Economic structure of Early Vedic was different from Later Vedic?,

Answer 17

Early Vedic Period: 1) pastoral + cattle-rearing people + Agriculture 2) Products made out of copper, iron and bronze were in use. 3) They had horse chariots + Rivers were used for transport. 4) Cotton and woollen fabrics were spun and used. 5) barter system → coins called ‘nishka’ were in use. 6) Cows and women slaves were gifted → Tribute from people to the Rajan was voluntary Later Vedic Period 1) Pastoral → Agriculture and Industrial activities (metal work, leather work, carpentry and pottery).

Question 18

Q1,How occupation of Vedic was different from Harappan civilization?,

Answer 18

1) Harappan → trade and commerce; Vedic civilization → Pastoral and Agriculture. 2) Harappan more industrialized and commercialized. 3) External trade: Harappan > Vedic. 4) Harappan (Trade and commerce) → Urban; Vedic (Agriculture + Pastoral) → Rural.

Question 19

Q2,How time period of Harappan and Vedic were different?,

Answer 19

1) Harappan → Chalcolithic age or Bronze age. (Used metals like Copper, Tin, Alloy) 2) Vedic → Iron age after 1500 BC. 3) Iron was not known to the Indus valley people while the Aryans used it.

Question 20

Q3,How society and culture of Harappan and Vedic were different?,

Answer 20

1) Harappans are said to have been the original inhabitants of India; Aryans → migrated from central Asia. 2) Harappan → Urban settlement; Vedic civilization → Rural settlement. 3) Harappan → Icon worshippers (Mothor - Goddess, Siva, tree, animals etc.); Vedic → Nature worshippers (Varuna, Indra, Prithvi, Sun and Fire). 4) Vedic people (Aryans) domesticated Horses; Horses were not known/Domesticated by IVC. 5) Aryans →outdoor activities (horse racing etc); Harappans → Indoor activities (dance, music etc.) 6) Sacred animals: Harappan → Nandi Bull; Aryans→ Cow. 7) Last rites: Harappans → Burial; Aryans→ Funeral. 8) Script: Harappans → Pictographic; Aryans → well developed Script Sanskrit. 9) Worship Mechanism: Harappans → idol worship; Vedic → Yajnas and sacrifices. 10)Caste system: Harappans → absent; Vedic → Gotra and caste.

Question 21

Q1,What was Vedic Civilization?,

Answer 21

1) The Vedic Age was between 1500 BC and 600 BC. 2) decline of the Indus Valley Civilization by 1400 BC→ Vedic Age 3) compilation of Vedas= Vedic Civilization. 4) Also called age of Aryans. 5) Divided into two phase: Early Vedic and Later Vedic age. 6) Early Vedic Period or Rig Vedic Period (1500 B.C -1000 B.C) Later Vedic Period (1000B.C – 600 B.C).

Question 22

Q2,What were the areas of Settlement for VC?,

Answer 22

1) extending from Afghanistan to the Gangetic valley. 2) first phase → around Indus and its tributaries the Vitasta (Jhelum), Asikni (Chenab), Parushni (Ravi), Vipasa (Beas) and the Sutudri (Sutlej). 3) Second Phase → along the river Saraswati (modern Indian states of Haryana and Punjab). 4) Later, they moved into Indo-Gangetic plains.

Question 23

Q3,Who were Aryans?,

Answer 23

1) Aryan = Nobel not ordinary. 2) arrived from Central Asia. 3) they spoke Indo - Aryan Language, Sanskrit. 4) semi-nomadic, pastoral people, who led a rural life as compared to the urban Harappans. 5) Society → male dominated. 6) mainly pastoral with agriculture being the secondary occupation. 7) Domesticated horses to ride. 8) entered India through the Khyber Pass. 9) Cow was sacred animal 10)Generally fought for cows → Govishti 11)Metallurgy was well established called Ayas.

Question 24

Q4,How Aryans established their dominance on Indian soil?,

Answer 24

1) fight against indigenous population called Dasyus. 2) Aryans used Horse driven chariots → defeated locals 3) Aryans vs Locals → Intra Aryan Struggle for dominance. 4) Bharata clan Vs 10 tribal clans (battle of ten kings)→ Bharata won. 5) Bharata + Purus → Kurus. 6) Aryan invasion theory = decline of IVC.

Question 25

Q1,What were the causes for decline of Mughal rule?,

Answer 25

[1] Expansionist policy of Aurangzeb [2] The deccan policy of Aurangzeb [3] The Rajput policy of Aurangzeb [4] Religious policy of Aurangzeb [5] Absence of the law of Primogeniture [6] Weak Kings after Aurangzeb [7] The attacks of Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali [8] Neglected development of the Navy [9] Economic stagnation [10] advent of Europeans [11] role of Marathas [12] centralized despotism.

Question 26

Q2,What was the administrative system under Mughals?,

Answer 26

1) Important posts: [1] Mir Bakshi: Military commander [2] Diwan-i-Kul: revenue administration [3] Wazir: Prime minister acted as link between ministries and King [4] Sadr us Sudur: religious head [5] Chief Qazi: highest judge with appeal at King [6] Mutasaddi: chief of ports 2) Administrative division: [1] Kingdom→ Suba→ Sarkaar→ Pargana→ Gram [2] Sarkaar: Fauzdar→ law and order; Amalguzar →revenue [3] Pargana: shiqdar→ law and order; Amils→ revenue; Quanungo→ land records [4] Village: Muqaddam→ headman; Patwari→ land records [5] Kotwal→ law and order in towns. 3) Land revenue system: [1] Rai system: revenue in cash [2] Nasaq: revenue assessment on previous records [3] Kankut or Dambandi: fresh revenue assessment [4] Al Tamgah: inheritable Jagirs [5] Crori/ Karori: size of land decided on basis of revenue of 1 crore tanka.

Question 27

Q3,What was the status of economy and culture during Mughal rule?,

Answer 27

1) Trade: [1] Seth and bohra → long distance trade [2] banik or baniya→ local traders [3] banjaras→ long distance bulk trade [4] Multanis + Khatris + Afghanis→ external trade [5] Gujarati+ Chettis → internal trade. 2) Coins: gold coins= Mohur; Nisar= low value coins for scattering; Dam= low value copper coins; silver tanka of Delhi sultanate was replaced by copper Tanka. 3) Language and Literature: [1] Persian as court language [2] Abul Fazl wrote Ain-i-Akbari and Akabar Nama [3] Dara Shikoh translated the Bhagavat Gita+ Upanishads → Persian language [4] Abul Faizi→ Mahabharata into the Persian [5] Gulbadan begam→ Humayun Nama [6] Padshah-nama' by Abdul Hamid Lahori for Shahjahan [7] Ramcharitmanas by Tulsidas during Akbar rule. 4) Music: Tansen→ dhrupad music; Janaka and Janya ragas; Tarana, Dadra and Ghazal had come into existence.

Question 28

Q1,What was the land revenue administration during Akbar's reign?,

Answer 28

1) Standardization of land measurements: Zabti or Bandobast system+ measured by means of the bamboos attached with iron rings+ Raja Todarmal Bandobast. 2) Determination of revenue: Dahsala system + 'batai' or 'ghalla-bakshi.' 3) Categorization of land: Polaj (cultivated every year) + Parauti (once in two years) + Chachar (once in three or four years) + Banjar (once in five or more years) 4) Units of land measurements: Ilahi gaz + Ilahi Gaz (by Babur) < Sikandari gaz + Gaz

Question 29

Q2,What was the Mansabdari system?,

Answer 29

[1] introduced by Akbar in India with central Asian origin [2] officer was assigned a rank (Mansab) [3] divided into two Zat and Sawar [4] appointments, promotions and dismissals by emperor [5] on merit with no hereditary claim [6] Smaller mansabdars were called Amir and bigger were called Umra. [7] paid in cash= Naqdi [8] paid through land= Jagirdars [9] liable for transfer.

Question 30

Q3,Who was Jahangir and his wife Nur Jahan?,

Answer 30

1) About Jahangir: [1] death of Akbar→ Salim (Jahangir) ascended the throne [2] Guru Arjan the 5th Guru of Sikh was beheaded [3] Mughal painting reached its zenith [4] permission to Sir Thomas Roe to build factory at Surat. 2) About Nur Jahan: Mehrunissa+ active in political affairs+ sent Shahjahan to Kandhar+ after death of Jahangir→ Shahjahan returned and claimed throne.

Question 31

Q4,Who was Shahjahan and Dara Shikoh?,

Answer 31

1) About Shahjahan: [1] original name was Khurram [2] built Tajmahal + Shahjahanbad + Red fort + Peacock throne + Jama Masjid + pearl mosque + Shalimar Gardens. 2) Battle of succession: [1] Battle of Shamugarh: Aurangzeb vs Dara Shikoh→ Dara Shikoh defeated [2] Shahjahan imprisoned by Aurangzeb in Agra Fort. 3) About Dara Shikoh: [1] eldest son of Shah Jahan [2] liberal and tolerant muslim [3] pioneer of the academic movement for interfaith understanding [4] translated the Upanishads [5] spread Hindu culture and spiritual traditions to Europe [6] wrote: Majma-ul-Bahrain (Mingling of Two Oceans) and Sirr-i-Akbar (Great Mystery)

Question 32

Q5,Who was Aurangzeb and what was his contribution?,

Answer 32

[1] last powerful Mughal ruler [2] ruled for 50 years → biggest Mughal territory [3] orthodox muslim, reimposed Jazia [4] protracted wars against the Pathans in Afghanistan + the sultans of Bijapur and Golkonda in the Deccan + the Marathas in Maharashtra + Ahoms in Assam. [5] execution of the 9th Sikh Guru Teg Bahadur [6] two sons of the 10th Sikh Guru Gobind Singh were buried alive

Question 33

Q1,How Mughal empire was established in India?,

Answer 33

[1] Founded by Babur [2] Babur= Timur + Chengiz Khan lineage [3] ruler of Farghana (Uzbekistan) [4] defeated Ibrahim lodhi in 1st battle of Panipat (1526 CE.) [5] reasons for attacking India: Financial difficulties+ rich resources of India+ Babur expulsion from Farghana+ fear of attack from Uzbeks+ unstable political situation after Sikandar Lodi's death + Invitations from Rana Sanga and Daulat Khan Lodi.

Question 34

Q2,How Babur expanded power in India?,

Answer 34

[1] Babur Vs Rana Sanga in Battle of Khanwa→ Babar emerged victorious [2] Babur Vs. Afghan Confederates Sultan Mahmud Lodi + Sultanate of Bengal under Sultan Nusrat Shah→ coalition defeated. [3] Babur died (40)→ buried in Kabul.

Question 35

Q3,Who was Humayun and why he was defeated by Sher Shah?,

Answer 35

[1] Son of Babur→ good human but weak ruler [2] Sher Shah an Afghan consolidated power in East→ challenging authority of Mughal Badshah→ Battle of Chausa (1539) + Battle of Kannauj in 1540→ Humayun defeated→ fled to Persia [3] reasons for Humayun defeat: weak ruler+ hostility of nobility + lacked financial resources + bravery of Sher shah + division of empire into four parts among his brothers→ weak political structure.

Question 36

Q4,What was the Sur dynasty?,

Answer 36

1) About Sher Shah:[1] founder= Sher Shah/ Farid Khan [2] Son of a Jagirdar of Jaunpur [3] Capital= Sasaram (Bihar) [3] defeated Humayun→ control of Mughal empire (1540) 2) Contribution: [1] currency of rupee+ trimetallic coin= Mohur (Gold), Rupiya (Silver), Dam (Copper) [2] land revenue: direct collection from peasants+use of Sikandari Gaj + systematic survey and measurement+ patta system + Qabuliyat system. 3) decline: Humayun defeated Sikandar Shah Sur (1555 CE).

Question 37

Q5,Who was Akbar and how he consolidated power?,

Answer 37

1) About Akbar: [1] Son of Humayun→ ascend throne at age 14 [2] Delhi was under seize of Afghans under commander Hemu [3] 2nd Battle of Panipat in 1556 AD→ Akbar army defeated Hemu [4] policy towards Rajputs: integration approach+ married Rajput princess of Amber (Jaipur) named Jodhabai [5] Battle of Haldighati: Akbar defeated Maharana Pratap. 2) Religious Policy: abolished Zazia and Pilgrimage tax+ built Ibadat Khana (House of religious discussion) + new religion called Din Ilahi or Divine Faith + separation between religion and State. 3) About Din Ilahi: believed in one God+ all the good points of every religion+ did not endorse new philosophy + did not compel anyone to join+ failed to attract followers. 4) Sul-e Kul: universal peace+ secularism+ all religion are same+ God is one+ tolerance + Freedom of expression.

Question 38

Q1,What was the Amarnayaka system?,

Answer 38

[1] Army commander were granted land [2] responsibility: collection of land revenue+ maintaining battalion of army+ expanding agricultural activities + maintain forts + maintenance of temples and irrigation works + send tribute to king Annually [3] weakness: internal conflicts among Nayakas+ challenging authority of King.

Question 39

Q2,What was the socio-economic condition prevailing in Vijaynagar?,

Answer 39

1) Social: [1] four castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas and Sudras [2] Dancing, music, wrestling, gambling and cock-fighting [3] use of Silk and cotton clothes. 2) Economic: [1] main occupation= Agriculture [2] gold coins called 'Varaha'/Pagodas [3] Commercial contacts with Arabia, Persia, South Africa and Portugal [4] exports: silk clothes, spices, rice, iron, saltpeter and sugar [4] imports: horses, pearls, copper, coral, mercury, China silk and velvet clothes [5] The art of shipbuilding. [6] important ports: Mangalore + Honavar + Bhatkal + Barkur + Cochin + Cannanore + Machilipatnam + Dharmadam.

Question 40

Q3,Who were the different travellers who visited kingdom of Vijaynagar ?,

Answer 40

[1] Ibn Batuta (1333-1347): Moroccan+ reign of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq+ visited Vijaynagar during reign of Harihar I [2] Nicolo Conti (1420-1421): Italian [3] Abdur Razzaq (1443-1444): Persian+ court of the Zamorin at Calicut [4] Duarte Barbosa (1500-1516): Portuguese [5] Domingo Paes (1520-1522): Portuguese+ visited court of Krishnadeva Raya [6] Fernao Nuniz (1534-1537): Portuguese+ Acchyutdeva Raya's court.

Question 41

Q4,What was the status of women in Vijaynagar empire?,

Answer 41

[1] Lingayatism, improved position of women [2] activities: music + dance + wrestling+ trade + clerical work + astrologers+ soothsayer + elephant mahouts + practising archery + sword fighting + hunting [3] monogamy was prevalent [4] Devadasi and prostitution as professions thrived [5] Sati/Sahgaman was prevalent, worshipped as Satikal.

Question 42

Q5,What was the battle of Talikota?,

Answer 42

[1] Sultanates of Deccan Vs. Vijaynagar kingdom (1565 AD)→ Vijaynagar defeated [2] Ruler= Sadashiva Raya, Minister Rama Raya (de-facto ruler) [3] Reason for defeat: defection of commanders+ Nayaka internal strife + inefficient rulers + policy of Rama Raya [4] consequences: ended the prominence of + new kingdoms of Mysore, Shimoga and vellore.

Question 43

Q1,What was the Bahmani kingdom?,

Answer 43

[1] Hasan Bahman Shah/Hasan Gangu revoltd against Muhammad bin Tuglaq→founded Bahmani Kingdom (1347) [2] Capital: Gulbarg→ Bidar [3] Main rulers were Alauddin Bahman Shah, Muhammad shah and Firoz shah [4] Mahmud Gawan: Iranian by birth and was a trader+ use of Gunpowder in war against Vijaynagar Kings+ built a college at Bidar + divided the kingdom into eight provinces called Tarafs + Executed in 1481 by Muhammad Shah [5] Bahmani kingdom disintegrated into 5 kingdom called Deccan sultanate, Ahmadnagar, Bijapur + Bidar + Berar+ Golconda (1527).

Question 44

Q2,How Vijaynagar empire was formed?,

Answer 44

[1] founded in 1336 by Harihara and Bukka called Sangam brothers [2] Sangama were feudatories of Kakatiyas of Warangal [3] claimed independence→ founded city Hampi [4] Vijaynagar= 'Karnata Rajya'/ Kingdom of Bisnegar.

Question 45

Q3,What were the different dynasties which ruled over Vijaynagar?,

Answer 45

1) Sangam Dynasty (1336-1485): [1]Tughlaq lost their power in Deccan→ Harihara I and Bukka established Vijaynagar kingdom [2] Abdur Razzak, the envoy of Turk ruler Shah Rukh visited Deva Raya II. 2) Saluva Dynasty (1486-1505): Vasco da Gama(1498)→ reign of Narasimha Raya II (Immadi Narasimha). 3) Tuluva Dynasty (1505-1570): [1] Tulu speaking= Tuluva dynasty [2] founded by Naras Nayaka(father of Krishnadevaraya) [3] time the Bahmani kingdom disintegrated → Deccan Sultanates. [4] Battle of Talikota/ Battle of Rakshasa- Tangadi → defeat of Tuluva by deccan sultanate army→ Hampi destroyed and looted. 4) Aravidu Dynasty (1570-1646): [1] founded by Tirumala Deva Raya [2] capital shifted from Hampi→ Penukonda [3] last ruler of Vijaynagar→ Sri Ranga III.

Question 46

Q4,Who was Krishnadeva raya and what was the significance of his rule?,

Answer 46

1) About him: [1] belong to Tuluva dynasty [2] called Kannada Raya/Andhra Pitamah/ Andhra Bhoja [3] friendly relationships with Portuguese [4] Vaishnavite in faith [5] wrote Amukthamalyadha (Telgu), Jambavati Kalyanam and Ushaparinayam (Sanskrit) 2) Ashtadiggajas: [1]Allasani Peddanna: wrote Manucharitam+ Harikathasaram; called Andhrakavi Pitamah [2] Tenali Ramakrishna [3] Pingali Suranna [4] Nandi Thimmana wrote Parijathapaharanam [5] Dhurjati. 3) Architecture: [1] temples: Vittalaswamy + Hazara Ramaswamy [2] Raya gopurams [3] established city of Nagalapuram. 4) Administration: [1] hereditary monarchy [2] king was assisted by Council of ministers [3] Division: Mandalams(headed by Nayaka)→ Nadus→ sthalas → gramas [4] land division: Shist, Manyam(tax free land), Amaram (given to nayakas). 5) Military: [1] Use of artillery [2] imported horses from arabia [3] trained soldiers from Turkish and Portuguese experts [4] concentric walls of forts.

Question 47

Q1,Who was Firoz shah Tuglaq and what was the significance of his rule?,

Answer 47

1) About Firoz shah: son of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq's younger brother→ succeeded the throne after Mohammad Bin Tuglaq. 2) Firoz shah reign: [1] imposed Jajia on Brahmins [2] father of the irrigation department [3] introduced principle of inheritance to the armed forces [4] established the Diwan-i-Khairat (office for charity) + Diwan-I Bundagan (department of slaves) [5] made the Iqtadari hereditary [6] constructed towns like Firozabad, Hissar, Jaunpur, and Fatehabad [7] patronized scholar Zia-ud-din Barani.

Question 48

Q2,Who was Timur and what was the impact of his invasion?,

Answer 48

ruler of Samarqand→ attracted by India's wealth→ attacked in 1398 during rule of Nasir-ud-din Mohammed Tughlaq→ annihilation of the Tughlaq dynasty by pillaging and slaughtering people.

Question 49

Q3,who were Sayyid and Lodis?,

Answer 49

1) Sayyid: [1]Timur appointed Khizr Khan as Governor of Delhi who founded Sayyid Dynasty [2] Alam Shah handed over the throne to Bahlol Lodi and retired. 2) Lodis: [1] unlike predecessors, Lodis were of Afghan origin [2] Bahlol lodi (Founder)→ Sikandar Lodi→ Ibrahim lodi [3] Ibrahim lodi defeated by Babur in 1st Battle of Panipat (1526).

Question 50

Q4,What was the impact of Delhi Sultanate on India?,

Answer 50

[1] land taxes: Ushraf (muslim peasants) Kharaj (hindu peasants) [2] religious taxes: Jajia from non-Muslim and Zakat from Muslims [3] Administrative division: Iqtas (Provinces) under Muqtis/walis→ Shiqs (districts) under Shiqdar→ Pargana headed by Amil→ village headed by Muqqadam/chaudhary (Patwari as village accountant) [4] land categorisation: Iqta, Khalisa, Inam [5] social impact: Purdah system, social division, slavery, sati pratha [6] Art and culture: sarangi and rabab, Hindustani music, Domes, arches, lofty towers, minarets, Islamic script were introduced by the Turks.

Question 51

Q5,What were the reasons for the decline of Delhi Sultanate?,

Answer 51

[1] centralization of authority [2] powerful nobility [3] religious discrimination [4] jagirdari system of Firoz shah tuglaq [5] invasion of Timur (1398) [6] role of Ibrahim lodi and his mistreatment of nobility.

Question 52

Q1,What was the slave/Mamluk dynasty?,

Answer 52

1) About Qutub-ud-Din Aibak: [1] founder of Delhi Sultanate→ slave to Muhammad Ghori→ Ghori's assassination in 1206→ Aibak became Sultan of Delhi with Lahore as capital [2] Aibak was first Muslim Sultan ruler in northern India [3] laid the foundation of the Qutb Minar in Delhi (Qutb-ud-din Bakhtiyar Kaki) [4] died while playing Polo, tomb in Lahore. 2) Iltutmish: made Delhi as capital + introduced Silver Tanka and Copper Jital + created Nobility class called Turk-e-Chahalagani + completed Qutb Minar. 3) Razia Sultan: The First Women Ruler of India+ reigned from 1236-1240+ her rule was resented by Chahalagani group on gender grounds→ her brother Muizuddin Bahram Shah usurped the throne→ she fled to Kaithal→ assassinated by local Jat groups. 4) Ghiyasuddin Balban: [1] to control power of Nobility→ introduced court etiquettes like Sijda and Paibos+ spy system [2] called himself Zill e Illahi (shadow of God) [3] separation between State and religious affairs [4] took military power from Wazir and created a separate department of Military 'Diwan e Arz' [5] centralized administrative system.

Question 53

Q2,What was the Iqta system?,

Answer 53

[1] Kharaj (agricultural tax) and land revenue (Iqta) system of the early Turkish Sultans. [2] Iqta system= conditional assignments of land rights [3] institutional status by Iltutmish+ based upon salary+ made hereditary by Firoz shah tuglaq [4] Iqta→ large & small, large Iqta(Muqti)= Governor with administrative responsibility, small Iqta(Khuts/ Muqaddams)= only revenue collection.

Question 54

Q3,Who was Allauddin Khilji and what was his administrative policies?,

Answer 54

1) About Allauddin Khilji: Jalaluddin Khilji→ murdered by Alauddin Khijli. 2) Allauddin Khilji reign: [1] abolished small iqtas→ created Khalisa land [2] adopted statist policy with centralized rule [3] separation between religious and Administrative affairs [4] control the prices of all commodities [5] cash payment to Soldiers [6] removed middleman from tax collection [7] biswa system for land measurement [8] daag and chehra system [9] changed the proportion of distribution of war booty (Khums) between Soldiers and State. [10] constructed Alai Darwaza, the Palace of a thousand pillars and the Fort of Siri. [11] system of standing army.

Question 55

Q4,Who was Muhammad bin Tughlaq and what was his administrative policies?,

Answer 55

1) About Tuglaq: Ghazi Malik defeated Khilji→ established Tughlaq dynasty→ succeeded by Junakhan (Muhammad bin Tughlaq). 2) Tughlaq Reign: [1] Transferred capital from Delhi to Devgiri/Daultabad [2] replaced silver coins with copper coins [3] increased taxes in doab region despite famine [4] Failed expeditions of Khurasan and Quarachil [5] started Taqqavi loans to farmers and created separate department called Diwan-e-Kohi.

Question 56

Q1,Who were Pallavas and what was their contribution?,

Answer 56

1) About Pallavas: South Indian ruling dynasties+ feudatories of Satvahana+ rose to prominence after decline of Satvahanas+ dominated the Andhra and Tamil region for about 600 years+ capital Kanchipuram+ developed the Pallava script which gave birth to Grantha script+ constant conflict with Chalukyas, Pandyas and Cholas. 2) Famous rulers: [1] Mahendravarman I (600-630 AD): Vichitra Chitta/ Chitrakar puli/Chaityakari + composed play called Bhagvatijulkiyam and Mattavilasa Prahasana (the delight of the drunkard)+ converted from Jain to Shaivism+ defeated and killed by Pulakesin II. [2] Narasimhavarman I (630-668 AD): son of Mahendravarman+ called Mahamalla/Mamalla + founded the city of Mamallapuram or Mahabalipuram+ Defeated and killed Pulakesin II in 642 AD→ took control of Vatapi→ assumed the title 'Vatapikonda'+ Panch Pandav Rath Temple was constructed.

Question 57

Q2,Who were Cholas and what was their contribution?,

Answer 57

1) About Cholas: defeated Pallavas and founded Chola empire+ capital Tanjore+ extended their reign Sri Lanka and the Malay Peninsula+ ruled from 907-1215 AD+ decline with rise of Hoysala and Pandyas. 2) Famous Chola rulers: [1] Rajaraja I (985 – 1014 AD): annexed Sri Lanka and Maldives Islands+ Rajarajeswara/ Brihadeshwara temple at Tanjore in 1010 AD + construction of a Buddhist monastery at Nagapattinam+ called Shivapada Shekhara [2] Rajendra I (1014-1044 AD): crossed the Ganges and defeated Northen rulers→ founded city of Gangaikondacholapuram+ launched naval raids on ports of Srivijaya empire in Southeast Asia+ known as Napoleon of the South

Question 58

Q3,What were the salient features of Chola administration?,

Answer 58

1) Administration: Mandalam→ Nadus→ Ur + Kaverippattinam (Puhar) an important port town + Nagappattinam as trade city. 2) Local Self Government: two types of villages in the Chola empire [1] Non Brahmadeya village (Vellanvagai villages): run by assembly called 'Ur'+ power to impose and collect taxes+ executive committee of 'Ur' were called 'Shashak Gana' or 'Ganam'. [2] Brahmadeya village or Agrahara village: settled by Brahmins+ tax free+ assembly called 'Sabha' or 'Mahasabha'+ Sabha > Ur. 3) Chola Society and Economy: caste system+ Paraiyar (untouchables)+ Valangai-mainly agricultural groups+ Idangai-mainly artisans and trading class+ Devadasi system+ sati+ tussle between Vaishnavite and Shaivite. 4) Religion: patrons of Shaivism+ Kapalikas, Kalamukhas, Suddashaiva sects were born+ Kamban Ramayan was written.

Question 59

Q1,What were the important literature produced during Gupta age?,

Answer 59

patronized the Sanskrit literature+ Sanskrit as court language. [1] Kalidas: Malavikagnimitram + Vikramorvashiyam + Abhijnana Shakuntalam + Kumarasambhavam + Ritusamhara + Meghadootam [2] Vishakhadatta composed Mudrarakshasa and Devi Chandraguptam [3] Shudraka's wrote Mrichchhakatika [4] Bharavi wrote Kiratarjuniya [5] Vatsyayana wrote Nyaya Sutra Bhashya and Kamasutra [6] Amarasimha wrote Amarkosha [7] Varahamihira wrote Brihat Samhita [8] Vishnu Sharma wrote Panchatantra.

Question 60

Q2,What were the various scientific achievements during Gupta age?,

Answer 60

1) Aryabhatta: wrote Aryabhatia+ Gave value of zero and pie+ earth is not flat+ reason for lunar and solar eclipses+ distance between earth and sun. 2) Brahmagupta: wrote Brahmasphuta Siddhanta and Khandakhadyaka+ area of cyclic quadrilateral. 3) Sushruta: Father of Surgery in India+ composed the Sushruta Samhita around 600 AD+ detailed surgical procedures. 4) Charaka: physician in the court of Chandragupta II+ Sanskrit text on Ayurveda Charaksamhita. 5) Other achivements: Indian number system+ rust free Mehrauli iron pillar.

Question 61

Q3,How Gupta age mark the beginning of social degeneration?,

Answer 61

[1] Untouchability [2] Caste endogamy [3] social stratification of Tribal [4] detribalization [5] Practice of Slavery [6] Practice of land grants→ feudalism+ forced labor+ exploitation of lower caste.

Question 62

Q4,What were the reasons for decline of Gupta empire?,

Answer 62

[1] decline during Skandagupta [2] Battle with Hunas and Vakataka [3] Liberal tax-free land donation to Brahmins [4] rise of feudalism→ fragmentation of empire [5] mutiny of Samantas [6] invasions from foreign as well as native rulers.

Question 63

Q5,What was the Vakataka empire?,

Answer 63

[1]South-Central India from 250 AD to 500 AD post decline of Satvahanas [2] founded by Vindhyashakti and had matrimonial alliance with Guptas [3] referred as Vindhyakas [4] They were Brahmins and promoted Brahmanism [5] Harisena built Ajanta rock cut caves.

Question 64

Q1,How Gupta dynasty rose to power?,

Answer 64

[1] End of Mauryan dynasty→ Satavahanas in the Deccan+ Kushanas in the north, + Sakas in the west (1st century B.C.- 3rd century A.D)→ ended around 3 century AD. [2] Gupta empire: founder→ Shri Gupta.

Question 65

Q2,Who were the important Gupta rulers?,

Answer 65

1) Chandragupta-i (319ad- 335ad): married Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi + Patliputra as capital. 2) Samudragupta (335AD-380AD): son of Chandragupta –I and Kumaradevi + follower of Vaishnavite Hinduism+ called Indian Napoleon/ Anukampavana/ Lichhavi Duhitr/ Kaviraj/ the restorer of Ashvamedha+ court poet Harisena wrote Prayag Prashasti i.e., Allahabad inscription on Ashoka's pillar + Goddess Laxmi and Samudragupta playing Veena on coins. 3) Chandragupta-ii (380ad-418ad): called Chandragupta Vikramaditya + formed matrimonial alliance with Vakatakas+ death of vakataka king extended gupta empire+ Ujjain was made 2nd capital+ defeated Sakas and assumed title Sakari + Navaratnas = Kalidasa, Harisena, Amarasimha, Dhanvantari+ Mehrauli iron pillar inscription + Fa-Hien visited court. 4) Kumaragupta-I (415-455): succeeded Chandragupta II + founder of the Nalanda University.

Question 66

Q3,How the Gupta rule impacted India?,

Answer 66

1) Administration: [1] provinces (bhuktis)→ districts or Vishayas headed by vishyapati→ village headed by Grampati. [2] mahadandanayaka as chief judge [3] land grants to the priest and administrative officers (Agrahara tax free land)→ emergence of feudalism [3] first dynasty that codified civil and criminal laws 2) Economy: [1] Kulyavapa and Dronavapa as land measurement system [2] Uparikaraas octroi tax [3] Vishti was kind of forced labor [4] Araghatta (Persian wheel) used for irrigation [5] Bali was religious tax which became compulsory. 3) Society & religion: patronized Hinduism→ increasing Brahmanization of society + Varna system more prominent + untouchability, Sati, prostitution, Child marriage, polygamy became more prevalent. 4) Religion: Vaishnavas but also patronized Buddhism and Jainism+ Bhagvatism emerged during Guptas+ idol worship.

Question 67

Q1,What was the megalithic age?,

Answer 67

[1] megaliths = big stones [2] located in Tamil Nadu and Kerala 1000 BC- 300 AD [3] Big stone were arranged over burial sites+ Purpose was to identify the site + items like pottery and iron tools were also buried with the dead.

Question 68

Q2,What were the salient features of Megalithic age?,

Answer 68

[1] Direct transition from Neolithic age→ iron age [2] existed in North India and south India [3] Megalithic culture of North India is older than south India. [4] north → bronze age, south India → Iron age. [5]Not all megalithic sites were burial sites. [6] most settlements on foothills [7] Major Megalithic sites in South India are Brahmagiri and Maski. [8] North India sites→ Burzahom+ Leh+ Karachi.

Question 69

Q3,What was the sangam age?,

Answer 69

[1]Sangam= confluence [2] 300 BC-300AD around Tamil Nadu [3] assembly of poets and writers under patronage of Pandyan ruler [4] Silappadikaram by Ilango Adigal+ Manimekhalai by Sittalai Sattanar + Tolkappiyam by Tolkappiyar + Tirrukural by Tiruvallur.

Question 70

Q4,How Sangam age literature helps in understanding history of South India?,

Answer 70

[1] 3 main Kingdoms, Chola+Pandya+Chera . [2] administrative division: Mandalam→ Nadu→ Ur. [3] Cheras: Ruled in TN and Kerala+ called kerlaputra + bow and arrow as emblem + Senguttuvan was most important Chera + introduced the Pattini cult + trade with the Romans. [4]Cholas: ruled over Kaveri delta (Cholamandalam)+ Capital was Puhar and Uraiyur+ Tiger as emblem + Karaikal was famous Chola ruler+ Battle of Venni →defeated the confederacy of Cheras, Pandyas. [5] Pandyas: ruled from Madurai+ Fish as emblem+ patronized the Tamil Sangams+ followed orthodox Hinduism+ Korkai as major port. [6] Art and culture: Panar and Viraliyar= singing bards; Kanigaiyar= dancers; Koothu= dance drama. [7] Religion: Murugan+ Hero Stone or Nadu Kal or Virarkal worship. [8] Society: Five-fold division of lands – Kurinji (hilly tracks), Mullai (pastoral), Marudam (agricultural), Neydal (coastal) and Palai (desert); four castes namely arasar(Ruling Class), anthanar(Priests), vanigar(carried on trade and commerce) and vellalar(Agriculturists). [9] Gender status: Sati was prevalent+ widow remarriage was prohibited+ freedom to study and choose life partner+ women poets like Avvaiyar, Nachchellaiyar, and Kakkaipadiniyar. [10] Economy: Agriculture+ weaving + metal works+ carpentry+ ship building; Uraiyur famous for cotton clothes; Puhar important port; Trade with Greek and Roman kingdoms; Import: Gold+Silver+Wine+horses;Export cotton+Spices+Ivory+ precious stones.

Question 71

Q1,What was the Impact of the Central Asian contacts on India?,

Answer 71

1) Kushans: [1] divine origin of kingship [2] Kshatrap system of Kushans [3] beginning of the feudal system in India [4] practice of hereditary dual rule. [5] leather shoes+ long coat + cap + helmet. 2) Indo-Greek (Bactrian Greeks): [1] first gold coins in India [2] trade routes between India Mediterranean regions [3] introduced features of Hellenistic art [4] introduction of moulded coins [4] portrait-coinage style [5] astronomy (Gargi samhita, Horashastra) [6] medicines [7] Greece drama (Vidushak, Yavanika) [8] practice of military governorship.

Question 72

Q2,What was the Chedi dynasty?,

Answer 72

1) About King Kharvela: [1] ruled Kalinga after the decline of the Mauryan Empire; Kharavela (193 BCE–170 BCE) was the greatest king; Pushyamitra shunga accepted suzernity; patronized Jainism. 2) Hathigumpa inscription: 2nd century BC+ located in Udaigiri+ mention victories of Kalinga+ located near Dhauli.

Question 73

Q3,How Satvahana rule impacted India?,

Answer 73

1) About Satvahana: [1] Ruled deccan region around middle of the first century BC. [2] also called Andhras [3] they were Brahmanas [4] Gautamiputra Satakarni was greatest ruler [5] used matronyms [6] Dakshinapatha Pati [7] 1st native ruler to issue coins with portrait [8] Nagarjunkonda and Amaravati were important centres [9] Nanaghat Inscription belong to Satvahanas. 2) Administration: Kingdoms→ Aharas (Rastras)→ Grama headed by Gramika; started practice of tax free land grants to Buddhists + Brahmanas. 3) Religion: promoted Hinduism+ patronized Buddhism+ Constructed stupas like Amravati and Nagarjunakonda+ Amravati school of Art+ Karley caves.

Question 74

Q4,What was the status of Trade and commerce during Post-Mauryan period?,

Answer 74

1) land routes: [1] Uttarapatha: Kabul in Afghanistan to Chittagong in Bangladesh, Rawalpindi→Amritsar→ Attari→ Delhi→ Mathura→ Varanasi→ Patna, Kolkata→ Dhaka→ Chittagong. [2] Dakshinpatha: Kaushambi near Allahabad→ Ujjain→ Pratisthan (Paithan) which was capital of Satvahnas. 2) Sea routes: western ports: Bharukachchha (Bharuch/Broach/Barygaza), Sopara, Kalyana, Muziris; eastern ports: Tamralipti (West Bengal), Arikamedu (Tamil Nadu Coast). 3) Trade with West and Central Asia: trade between India and Greek-Rome mentioned in Periplus of the Erythrean Sea. 4) Items of trade: export: spices (Pepper was called yavanpriya), perfumes, jewels, ivory and fine textiles, i.e. muslin. Import: Gold, silver, Wine etc.

Question 75

Q1,What was the impact of disintegration of Mauryan empire?,

Answer 75

Mauryan Empire met its end (187 BC)→ rise of many regional kingdoms (200BC-300 AD) + invasions from Central Asia and western China→ Indo-Greeks, the Scythians or the Shakas, the Parthians or the Pahlavas and the Kushanas→ mixing of Indian and central Asian politics and culture.

Question 76

Q2,What was the impact of the Shunga rule over India?,

Answer 76

1) Pushyamitra Sunga: countered attacks from two Greek kings Menander (Milinda) and Demetrius+ followed Brahminism + promoted Sanskrit + Stupas at Sanchi and Barhut were renovated + patronised the Sanskrit grammarian Patanjali+ revival of Hinduism + rigidification of caste system. 2) Agnimitram: son of Pushyamitra+ hero of Kalidasa's poem 'Malavikagnimitram'.

Question 77

Q3,Which foreigners invaded post-Mauryan India ?,

Answer 77

1) The Bactrians or the Indo-Greeks (2nd century BC): death of Alexander in 323 BC→ Greek settlement in Bactria region; famous ruler Menander also called Milinda→ converted into Buddhism; capital= Sialkot; Milinda adventure to capture Patliputra was thwarted by Vasumitra Shunga. 2) The Shakas (Scythians) (1st century BC to 4th century AD): belonged to central Asia; settled in northwestern India around Taxila; Rudradaman famous Shaka ruler→ renovated Sudarshan lake (Girnar or Junagarh inscription) + first long inscription in Sanskrit. 3) The Parthians (1st century BC to 1st century AD): Iranian origin; ruled Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India; renowned Parthian king Gondophernes→ St. Thomas came to India; rule ended with Kushan invasion. 4) The Kushans: belonged to Yueh-chis tribe of western China; defeated Shakas and Pahlavas→ established empire in North-West India.

Question 78

Q4,What was the impact of Kanishka rule over India?,

Answer 78

1) greatest Kushana king+ Son of Vima Kadphises+ empire from Central Asia to north India including Varanasi, Kaushambi and Sravasti. 2) intermingling of different cultures; capital was Peshawar (Purushpura); scholars in his court included Parsva, Ashvaghosha, Vasumitra, Nagarjuna, Charaka and Mathara. 3) Patronized Buddhism→ convened the fourth Buddhist Council at Kundalvana in Kashmir→ Hinayana and Mahayana→ Gandhara and Mathura School of art→ propagated Mahayana sect of Buddhism 4) Trade with China and Rome; controlled large parts of the Silk Route. 5) Initially follower of Hinduism→ coins bear the images of the Persian, Greek and Hindu gods →Converted to Buddhism under Ashwaghosha. 6) Art and culture: patronized Sanskrit+ Asvaghosa wrote Buddhacharitra and Sutralankar+ Nagarjuna the author of the Madhyamika Sutra+ Charaka wrote Charaka Samhita+ Vasumitra wrote Mahavibhasa Sastra.

Question 79

Q1,What were the salient features of Mauryan Administration?,

Answer 79

highly centralized; Emperor was the supreme power; Mantriparishad= Council of Ministers; Prime Minister= mantriparishad-adhyakshya; Mahamattas= officer of Morality; Amatyas= Secretary; Subordinate officers=Yuktas; Officers in charge of land measurement= Rajjukas; village as smallest unit; Head of a village=Gramika; provincial governors= Pradeshika; commander-in-chief of the entire military=Senapati; revenue department chief= Samharta; treasurer= Sannidhata; espionage= Female(Vishkanya) Male(Ghudapurusha).

Question 80

Q2,What was the administrative division of Mauryan empire?,

Answer 80

1) divided into 5 provinces: The Northern Province Uttarpatha capital Taxila, Southern province Dakshinpatha's capital was Suvarngiri, Western province Avantipatha's capital was Ujjain, eastern Prachyapatha was having its capital at Toshali near Kalinga, Magadha as Central province Capital Patliputra. 2) District administration: administered by three officers' viz. Pradeshika, Rajuka, & Yukta. 3) Village administration: Gramika= elected head of village, Gopa= head of 10 villages, Sthanka= head of 100 villages. 4) Agriculture: Sitadhyaksha= chief of the agriculture department. 5) Judicial administration: civils courts = Dharmastheya; Criminal Courts= Kantakashodhna; death sentence was common; King was supreme judge. 6) Tax administration: 1/6 to 1/4 of the total produce; religious tax= Bali; tax on agro produce= Bhaga; tax on land= Sita.

Question 81

Q3,What were the causes for the downfall of Mauryan Empire?,

Answer 81

1) Brahmanical Reaction: abolition of sacrifice+ patronage to Buddhism→ irked Brahmans→ Brahmin Pushyamitra Shunga usurped the throne. 2) Cost of Administration: huge standing army+ large bureaucratic machinery+ Liberal grants made to Buddhist Sangha. 3) Size of Empire: too vast→ lack of communication→ rebel of local lords. 4) Centralized administration: dependent on strong central power→ weak successors→ local governors started claiming autonomy. 5) Foreign Invasion: vulnerability of India's North-West frontiers→ after death of Ashoka→ frontiers became prone to foreign invasions. 6) Internal Revolt: weakening of empire after Ashoka→ Pushyamitra Shunga assassinated Brihadrath→ established Shunga dynasty. 7) Pacifist policy of Ashoka: Ashoka adopted Buddhism→ war and expansionist tendency stopped→ weakening of army+ reduction in revenue→ foreign invasion.

Question 82

Q1,What was the impact of Persian and Greek invasion of India?,

Answer 82

1) Persian Invasion (550 BCE): [1] Cyrus, Achaemenid Empire (Iran)→ invaded N-W India→ defeated small kingdoms in N-W→ Persian control west of the Indus [2] Impact: Indo-Iranian trade+ Kharosti script+ style of rock inscription + style of pillars with bell-shaped capitals. 2) Alexander's (Greek) Invasion (327 BCE): [1] Greek Vs Persia for global dominance→ Greek under Alexender defeated Persian king Darius III→ advanced towards India. [2] Ambhi of Taxila accepted suzerainty + Battle of Hydespes, Porus resisted but unsuccessfully. [3] Alexender army revolted→ was forced to return (326 BCE)→ appointed his generals to govern India→ died in Babylon (323 BC) [4] Impact: India and Greece contact+ four distinct routes – three by land and one by sea + Trade links + political unification in northern India under the Mauryas+ Gandhara school of Buddhism + Greek historian's records.

Question 83

Q2,How Mauryan Empire was established?,

Answer 83

[1] founded by Chandragupta Maurya (322 BCE); Three famous rulers: Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara and Ashoka; last ruler was Brihadrath→ murdered by General Pushyamitra Sunga→ establishment of Sunga dynasty [2] Impact: political unity+ end of republic and oligarchy form of government+ establishment of monarchy and Kingdoms.

Question 84

Q3,Who were the important personalities of Mauryan empire?,

Answer 84

1) Chandragupta Maurya: defeated Dhanananda→ establishment of Mauryan dynasty→ defeated Greek General Seleucus and married his daughter→ became Jain monk under Bhadrabahu → retired to a cave near Karnataka. 2) Chanakya/Vishnugupta /Kautilya: Teacher+ Chief Minister under Chandragupta Mauryas+ teacher and scholar at Taxila; master strategist behind the usurping of the Nanda; wrote Arthashastra; called 'Indian Machiavelli

Question 85

Q4,Who was Ashoka and what was his contribution to Indian culture?,

Answer 85

1) About Ashoka: converted to Buddhism post Kalinga War+ convened the third Buddist council+ sent missionaries to south India, Sri Lanka, Burma and many other countries. 2) Dhamma: way of life +code of conduct +set of principles; Dharma Mahamatta for spreading Dhamma; Mahendra (son) and Sanghamitra (daughter) spread Buddhism in Srilanka. 3) Inscriptions: adopted from Achmenian King Darius; comprise of code of conduct; mostly placed on the ancient highways; located in Afghanistan+Pakistan+Nepal+India; written in Aramic+Kharosti+ Brahmi.

Question 86

Q1,How Mahajanpad emerged from janpad?,

Answer 86

Vedic time = tribal kingdoms called janpad (jan = people, pada= foot). Better prospects of rainfall+ iron mining = eastward shift of civilization. iron age (1500 BC)→ tools for agriculture + weaponry→ cut forest and plough land for agricultural expansion → taxation from agriculture→ revenue to sustain large army + provide weapons made of iron→ territorial expansion + consolidation of smaller kingdoms→ large kingdoms (600 BC).

Question 87

Q2,What was the major difference between Gan-sanghas and Kingdoms?,

Answer 87

Gana-Sangha Kingdoms 1500 BC-600 BC 600 BC- 350 BC Vajji and Malla were Gana-Sanghas Magadh, Avanti, Kosla etc. Himalayan foothills in eastern India alluvial tracts of the Ganga valley No hereditary monarchy hereditary monarchy Head was called Ganraj Head was Rajan Less influence of Brahmanism →progressive outlook More influence→ regressive outlook Division of power among assembly Concentration of Power

Question 88

Q3,Among all Mahajanpadas why Magadha emerged strongest?,

Answer 88

[1] Fertile land→ better agriculture and revenue→ large army [2] able rulers [3] proximity to iron ore fields [4] rivers for transportation [5] Elephants for war [6] unorthodox character of Magadhan society [7] landscape acted as frontier.

Question 89

Q4,What were the major dynasties that rule over Magadha?,

Answer 89

1) Haryanka (600 BC- 413 BC): [1] Bimbisara: contemporary was Mahavir and Gautama Buddha+ supported Buddhism and Jainism [2] Ajatshatru: son of Bimbisara+ killed father acquired throne+ Embraced buddhism + 1st Budhhist council at Rajgir [3] Udaiyin: last HAryanka ruler+ shifted capital from Rajgir to Patliputra. 2) Saisunaga Dynasty (413-345 BC): Kalasoka as important ruler+ organized 2nd Buddhist council in Vaishali+ killed by Mahapadma Nanda. 3) Nandas (345-321 BC): established by Mahapadmananda+ annexed Kalinga (Hathigumpa inscription) + defeated by Chandragupta Maurya. 4) Mauryas (321-185 BC): founded by Chandragupta Maurya+ last ruler of the dynasty was Brihadratha + murdered by his general Pushyamitra Sunga. 5) Sunga dynasty: founded by Pushyamitra Sunga+his son name was Agnimitra+ last shunga ruler was Devbhuti killed by Vasudeva Kanva→ establishment of Kanva dynasty in Magadh (73 to 28 BC.)

Question 90

Q1,Who were Jain Tirthankaras?,

Answer 90

Tirthankar = one who has swam across samsara river; total 24 Tirthankar; first Rishabhdev/Adinath; 23rd PArshwanath; 24th Mahavira.

Question 91

Q2,Who was Mahavira?,

Answer 91

last Tirthankara; born at Kundagrama near Vaisali; age of 30, Vardhaman renounced his home→ 13 years of extreme penance→ kevlya gyan→ Kevlin.

Question 92

Q3,What was the basic philosophy of Jainism?,

Answer 92

[1] Ahimsa [2] Karma [3] Birth-rebirth [4] monastic existence is a necessary condition of salvation [5] do not believe in God [6] rejected Vedas [7] believe in soul and transmigration [8] did not reject the caste system [9] Salvation through extreme Penance [10] Anektawad= non-absolutism [11] Syatwad [12] world is governed by Universal law

Question 93

Q4,What were 5 sacred vows of Jainism?,

Answer 93

[1] Non-violence (Ahimsa) [2] Truth (Satya) [3] Non-stealing (Achaurya or Asteya) [4] Celibacy/Chastity (Brahmacharya) [5] Non-attachment/Non-possession (Aparigrah)

Question 94

Q5,How Jainism evolved into various sects?,

Answer 94

1) Digambara: Famine in Magadha→ Bhadrabahu along with disciples migrated to south India→ Digambar sect was born; Bispantha, Terapanth, Tarnapanth or Samaiyapanth, Gumanpantha, Totapanth are its sub-sects. 2) Swetambara: those who left formed swetambara sect under Sthulbahu; Murtipujak, Sthanakvasi, Terapanth are its sub-sects.

Question 95

Q6,How Digambara and Swetambara sects are different?,

Answer 95

Digambara Swetambara Follow teachings of Mahavir Follow Parswanath Remain naked Wear white cloth Follow 5 vows Only 4 (except Brahmacharya) Rigid and strict Flexible and liberal women cannot achieve nirvana Women like men can achieve salvation idols are naked, undecorated with downcast eyes. idols of Tirthankars are decorated with jewels Against any materialistic possessions allow possession of Material property After attaining kevalya body does not need food Body need food until soul has not abandoned it.

Question 96

Q1,Who are Bodhisattvas in Buddhism?,

Answer 96

individuals in Path to Become Buddha/attain salvation; deliberately delayed their own salvation. 1) Avlokiteshwara/Padampani: Bodhisattva of compassion; called Lokeshwara in Theravada; Dalai lama as his incarnation; hold a lotus flower; also depicted in female form; famous painting in Ajanta. 2) Manjushri: Bodhisattva of wisdom; a flaming sword in hand. 3) Samantabhadra: Bodhisattva of Meditation; Buddha+Manjushri+ Samantabhadra= Shakyamuni Triniti; Bodhisattva of action in China. 4) Ksitigarbha: Bodhisattva of Earth/ Hell beings/ Mortals; guardian of children. 5) Maitreya: Laughing Buddha/ Budhai; future buddha. 6) Vajrapani: depicts Buddha power; Nio in Japan; guardian of Buddhist shrines.

Question 97

Q2,What were the factors for popularity of the Buddhism?,

Answer 97

[1] Royal origin of Gautama [2] Support of business class [3] use of vernacular language [4] equality of all [5] Ashoka opting Buddhism [6] royal patronage [7] missionary zeal of monks [8] documentation of teachings [9] Buddhist art and architecture [10] malaise of Brahmanical Hinduism

Question 98

Q3,What were the reasons for decline of Buddhism in India?,

Answer 98

[1] division into many sects [2] loss of distinctive character [3] Materialism and corruption in Sangha [4] Introduction of women in Sangha [5] loss of patronage during Gupta age [6] Persecution by Pushyamitra sunga [7] reformation of Hinduism [8] Islamic invasion+ destruction of Buddhist monasteries. [8] role of Alvar + Naynaar + Shankaracharya in revival of Hinduism.

Question 99

Q4,What was the impact of Buddhism on India?,

Answer 99

[1] Values of equality+ non-materialism+ rationalism+ Ahimsa+ Karma [2] impetus to vernacular language [3] spreading education and literacy [4] spread of Indian culture abroad [5] Promotion of Art and architecture [6] Gender empowerment [7] dilution of rigid caste hierarchy.

Question 100

Q5,Why Buddhism became more popular than Jainism?,

Answer 100

[1] role of Ashoka and Kanishka [2] kings adopting Jainism became ascetic not rulers [3] role of Buddhist sangha and missionary zeal [4] orthodoxy+ inflexibility of Jainism→ impractical [5] Jain monks more focus towards individual liberation [6] Jainism more inward in approach [7] taboo of travel on water in Jainism [8] Buddhism tolerant attitude towards food habits [9] Jainism only focus on Moksha while Buddhism focus was end of Dukkha [10] role of foreign travellers in spreading Buddhism [11] role of centres of learning [12] Art and Architecture of Buddhism.

Question 101

Q1,What are various sects of Buddhism and their features?,

Answer 101

1) Hinayana: orthodox+ conservative; also called lesser vehicle/Theravada/ Sthaviravadinis; use of Pali; did not believe in Idol Worship; promoted individual salvation through self-discipline + meditation; patronized by Ashoka; spread in Cambodia + Laos + Sri Lanka + Thailand + Burma. 2) Mahayana: separated in 4th Buddhist council; Great Vehicle; idol worship; use Sanskrit along with Pali; aimed at universal liberation; salvation by grace/blessing of Buddha; patronized by Kanishka + Harsha; spread in North Asia, including China, Mongolia, Tibet, Korea, and Japan. 3) Vajrayana Buddhism: also called Mantrayana/ Tibbetan Buddhism/Tantrayana/ Diamond Vehicle/ Thunderbolt Vehicle; developed in India around the 6th or 7th century CE; Use of various ritual, magic, Tantra, Sacrifices; influenced by Hinduism (Shakti cult); use Sanskrit; spread to Tibbet by a monk Padamsambhav; use Mandalas + prayer wheel+ Mudras + Mantras; believe in Bodhisattvas; Tara and Dakini important female figures.

Question 102

Q2,How Hinayana and Mahayana are distinct?,

Answer 102

Hinayana Mahayana Considered Lesser Vehicle. (Inferior) Considered higher Vehicle. (Superior) Orthodox school Liberal school Did not believe in idol worship Idol worshippers Buddha as Guru Buddha as god Used Pali Used Sanskrit and Pali No concept of Bodhisattva Bodhisattva Individual liberation Universal liberation Liberation through meditation Liberation through mantras Salvation by deeds Salvation by faith Spread in Srilanka, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Mayanmar Spread in China, Korea, Japan, Mongolia. Patronized by Ashoka Patronized by Kanishka and Harsha Sects are Vaibhashika and Sautantrika. Madhyamika and Yogacharya

Question 103

Q1,What was economy of IVC?,

Answer 103

1) Agriculture+ Trade and commerce. 2) No money but Barter system was used. 3) carried commerce with Mesopotamian civilization. 4) long distance trade in lapis lazuli.

Question 104

Q2,What was script of IVC?,

Answer 104

1) mainly pictographic script. 2) not been deciphered yet. 3) no connection with Sanskrit or any other script of any other civilization. 4) Written right to left.

Question 105

Q3,What were the changes from Early Harappan to Late Harappan?,

Answer 105

1) decline phase of IVC is referred as Late Harappan phase. 2) Urban → rural settlement. 3) Long distance trade declined. 4) Evidence of violence in different sites of IVC. 5) Standard weighing system fell in use. 6) Important Late Harappan sites: Prabhas Patan and Rangpur in Gujarat, Ahar near Udaipur Rajasthan, Daulatpur Haryana, Alamgirpur UP.

Question 106

Q4,What were the probable reasons for decline of IVC?,

Answer 106

1) Aryan invasion + flood + Changes of River pattern+ climate change+ drying of River Saraswati. 2) changes in river patterns = large civilization → break up into smaller communities called late Harappan cultures. 3) People moved to Ganga basin. 4) Urban culture got fragmented → isolated rural settlement. 5) Breakdown of trade → disintegration of civilization.

Question 107

Q5,What we must know about IVC?,

Answer 107

1) Mehargarh site in Afghanistan is older than IVC thus it is Pre-Harappan site. 2) Mesopotamia, Egypt and Chinese Civilization were contemporary to IVC. 3) The port cities are Sutkagendor, Balakot, Lothal, Allahdino, and Kuntasi. 4) Use of standard weights and measurement throughout the civilization. 5) IVC generally buried their dead. 6) No temples or any other religious building have been found in the Indus Valley Civilization. 7) Sumerian civilization called Mesopotamian used to refer People of IVC as Meluhha. 8) Egyptian used Sun dried Bricks and Mesopotamians used Baked bricks but IVC people used Burnt Bricks for construction. 9) 2-3 storied buildings are also found in IVC.

Question 108

Q1,What was IVC?,

Answer 108

1) human settlement around river Indus and its tributaries. 2) IVC= Harappan civilization. 3) Belong to Bronze age. 4) Three phases of IVC: Early Harappan Phase (3300 BCE–2600 BCE)→ Mature Harappan Phase (2600 BCE–1900 BCE)→ Late Harappan Phase (1900 BCE–1300 BCE).

Question 109

Q2,What was geographical extent of IVC?,

Answer 109

1) West to East: Sutkagengor (in Baluchistan) West→ Alamgirpur (Western UP) in the East. 2) North to South: North- Mandu (Jammu)→ South-Daimabad (MH).

Question 110

Q3,What were the major settlements of IVC?,

Answer 110

1) Harappa, Mohanjodaro, Sutkagendor, Chanhudaro, Amri, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira, Banwali, Surkotada.

Question 111

Q4,What were the salient features of IVC?,

Answer 111

1) Town Planning: Urban Settlement+ Grid pattern of Housing+ Streets at right angles+ rectangular blocks+ lamp posts on roads+ 2) Drainage System: underground drainage system + soak pits + Manholes 3) Granaries: preserve grains→ food security+ trade. 4) Art and craft: Stone Statues+ Bronze statues+ Terracotta + Painted Pottery+ Bead making

Question 112

Q5,What was the religion of IVC?,

Answer 112

1) Polytheist; Icon worshippers → Mother Goddess + Pashupati Shiva+ Phalus + Swastika

Question 113

Q6,What were the animals of IVC?,

Answer 113

1) Rhino, tiger, deer, buffalo, elephant, Bison 2) Sacred Animal→ Humped Bull. 3) Horse was not known.

Question 114

Q7,What was the cropping Pattern of IVC?,

Answer 114

1) Practiced ploughing for Agriculture 2) cultivated rice, wheat, barley and mustard. 3) first in the world to grow cotton. 4) grew water-melon, pea and dates.

Question 115

Q8,Which metals were used in IVC?,

Answer 115

1) first people in the world to use copper+ used bronze+ Gold and Silver+ Lead. 2) Iron was not known

Question 116

What is cold War?

Answer 116

[1] Post WW2→ Bipolar world→ mutual hostility and trust deficit [2] period of tension not leading to actual war= cold war (Bernard Baruch) [3] lasted from 1945-1989 (collapse of Soviet Union).

Question 117

What were the factors that led to Cold War?

Answer 117

[1] Capitalism v/s Communism [2] USA’s Policy of Containing Communism [3] Stalin’s Foreign Policy of expansion [4] Truman doctrine [5] USA possession of Atomic bomb [6] Iron curtain of USSR [7] Marshal plan of USA [8] Molotov Plan of USSR.