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STEP1 2015 > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

(115 cards)

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1
Q

Test for capsule on bacteria

A

Quellung leads to swelling if there is a capsule

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2
Q

Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies

Also SHiN

A 
encapsulated bacteria
E.Coli
Strep pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neisseria meningitidis
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenza type B
Salmonella typhi
Group B Streptoccocus
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3
Q

SHiN organisms

A

These are unique in ability to undergo transformation, or DNA- uptake from lysed bacteria. Also they are all encapsulated and have vaccines available that you should give to asplenics

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4
Q

Mycoplasma- unique membrane

A

sterols, no cell wall (abx often target cell wall so this is a challenge)

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5
Q

Mycobacteria- unique outer layer

A

mycolic acid in membrane, rish in lipis so resistant to gram stain and resilient in many environments

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6
Q

bacteria that can form spores (dipicolinic acid core) when resources are limited. highly resistant to heat, cold, disinfectants, lack of nutrients

A

bacillus and clostridium

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7
Q

bacillus anthracis

A

anthrax

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8
Q

bacillus cereus

A

food poisoning

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9
Q

c. botulinum

A

botulism

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10
Q

c. diff

A

antibiotic- associated colitis

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11
Q

c. perfringens

A

gas gangrene

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12
Q

c. tetani

A

tetanus

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13
Q

coxiella burnetii

A

q fever

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14
Q

giemsa stain

A 
chlamydia
borrelia
rickettsia
trypanosomes
plasmodium

and histoplasma
certain bugs really try my patience

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15
Q

PAS

A

stains glycogen, mucopolysccharides, used to fiagnose Whipple disease (tropheryma whipplei), PASs the sugar

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16
Q

Ziehl- Neelson (carbol fuschin)

A

acid- fast bacteria (nocardia, mycobacteria), protozoa (cryptospordium oocysts)

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17
Q

India ink

A

for fungus. cryptococcus neoformans (mucicarmine can also be used to stain thick polysaccharide capsule red)

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18
Q

silver stain

A

fungi (pneumocystis, such as PCP which is pneumocystis jirovecii), legionella, helicobacter pylori

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19
Q

organisms that do not gram stain well: These Microbes May Lack Real Color

A

Treponema (too thin, dark- field microscopy and fluorescent antibody staining instead), mycobacteria (high lipid content, mycolic acids in cell wall detected by carbolfuchsin in acid- fast stain), mycoplasma (no cell wall), legionella (silver stain instead, primarily intracellular), rickettsia (intracellular parasite), chlamydia (intracellular parasite; lacks classic peptidoglycan because of low muramic acid)

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20
Q

lipopolysaccharide endotoxin in outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, released upon cell lysis

A 
ENDOTOXIN
edema
nitric oxide
DIC/Death
Outer membrane
TNFa
O- antigen
eXtremely heat stable
IL1
Neutrophil chemotaxis
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21
Q

Hemolytic uremic syndrome

A

subsequent to Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli O157:H7 EHEC, which causes bloody diarrhea and damage to renal and endothelial cells

Syndrome= hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure

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22
Q

enterotoxigenic E. coli

A

heat- labile (LT), overactive adenylate cyclase leads to increased cAMP and subsequent chloride secretion into gut, H2O efflux.
heat stable toxin (ST), overactivates cGMP, leading to decreased resoprtion of NaCl and H2O in the gut.

Watery diarrhea either way “labile in the air (adenylate cyclase), stable on the ground (guanylate cyclase)”

aka montezuma’s revenge, jelly belly, traveler’s diarrhea

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23
Q

Bacillus anthracis exotoxin

A

anthrax toxin: edema factor (adenylyl cyclase; causes edema), lethal factor, protective antigen

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24
Q

yersinia enterocolitis

A

heat- stable toxin activates guanylyl cyclase, increased cGMP, pseudoappendicitis

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25
vibrio cholerae
choleragen (cholera toxin) stimulates adenylyl cyclase, increasing cAMP, chloride and water cross into lumen of intestine --> "rice water stools"
26
Jones criteria for RF which is a type 3 hypersensitivity reaction
``` Joint arthalgia pancarditis nodules erythema marginatum sydenham chorea ```
27
organisms associated with subacute endocarditis
``` viridans s bovis enterococci coag negative staph HACEK (haemophilus aphrophilus, actinobacillus actinomycetan comitans, cardiobacterium hominis, eikenella corrodens, kingella kingae) ```
28
obligate anaerobes
fusobacterium clostridium bacteroides actinomyces frankly can't breathe air suseptible to ROS since they lack catalase and SOD. smelly, difficult to culture, gas producint. ABX: metronidazole, clindamycin, NOT aminoglycosides
29
Waterhouse Friederichson Syndrome of N. meningitidis
sepsis, adrenal hemorrhage, DIC
30
5 yr old with pharyngitis, drooling, xray shows thumbprint sign
Haemophilus influenzae type B
31
Burn wound infection
pseudomonas aeruginosa
32
life- threatening meningitis + purpura
n. meningitidis
33
septic arthritis in young, sexually active patients
n. gonorrhoeae
34
infections associated with animal urie
leptospira | hantavirus
35
maculopapular rash on hands and feet drive kawasaki cars with your hands and feet
Kawasaki Coxsackie A Rocky mountain spotted fever Secondary Syphilis
36
False positive results on VDRL
``` VDRL: viruses (EBV) drugs Rheumatic fever lupus/ leprosy/other autoimmune pregnancy ```
37
Bartonella spp
cat scratch disease, with lymphadenopathy proximal to the scratch site, and bacillary angiomatosis that looks like Kaposi in immunocompromised patients
38
borrelia burgdorferi
Lyme disease: | rodents to humans via ixodes scapularis
39
borrelia recurrentis
pathogensis due to varying surface antigens: relapsing fever | transmitted from rodents and lice
40
brucella spp
brucellosis: cattle, sheep, goats, unpasteurized dairy products
41
campylobacter
diarrhea from birds, pigs
42
chlamydophila psittaci
fever, dry cough, birds (parrots)
43
coxiella burnetti
Q fever: flu-like symptoms, fever for several weeks, transmitted by aerosols from infected placenta or contaminated fluid on coats of newborn farm animals
44
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
headaches, muscle aches, fatigue known as ehrlichiosis. transmitted by the lone star tick
45
francisella tularensis
tularemia- rabbit, squirrel, tick, high risk for use in bioterrorism
46
mycobacterium leprae
armadillo
47
pasteurella multocida
introduced into wounds from cat or dog bite leading to cellulitis, osteomyelitis
48
rickettsia prowazeckii
epidemic typhus (lice)
49
rickettsia typhi
endemic (murine) typhus (fleas)
50
rickettsia rickettsii
RMSF, tickborn illness, fever, headache, rash on palms and soles
51
yersinia peptis
bubonic plague, fleas, prairie dogs
52
inactivates EF2
corynebacterium diphteriae, pseudomonas (exotoxin A)
53
activates Gs
vibrio cholerae, e. coli (ETEC heat- labile toxin)
54
disables Gi
pertussis toxin
55
bacterial adenylate cyclase (no G protein involved)
bacillus anthracis
56
blocks GABA and glycine
c. tetani
57
passive immunity is possible
tetanus toxin, botulinum toxin, HBV, Varicella, rabies come as preformed antibodies (To Be Healed Very Rapidly)
58
Attenuated live virus vaccines: Attention! Please Vaccinate Young Infants with MMR Regularly
``` Attenuated virus vaccines Polio vaccine (Sabin, oral) Varicella Yellow fever Intranasal influenza MMR Rotavirus ``` Attention! Please Vaccinate Young Infants with MMR Regularly
59
vaccines that can be given to HIV patients with CD4> 200
MMR, varicella, yellow fever as long as the patient has a CD4> 200
60
inactivated or killed vaccine
rabies, influenza (injection), polio (Salk), hepatitis A (RIP Always)
61
Egg- based vaccines
influenza, yellow fever vaccines
62
Anti- IgG antibodies
RA
63
Anti- citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA)
RA
64
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
SLE
65
Anti- Smith
SLE
66
Anti- dsDNA
lupus renal disease
67
Anti- histone
Drug- induced lupus
68
Anti- centromere
CREST scleroderma
69
Anti- scl-70
diffuse scleroderma
70
anti- jo-1
polymyositis, dermatomyositis
71
Anti- SSA (anti-Ro)
Sjogren syndrome
72
Anti- SSB (anti- La)
Sjogren syndrome
73
Anti- U1- RNP
Mixed connective tissue disease
74
Anti- desmoglein
pemphigus vulgaris
75
Anti- acetylcholine receptor
myasthenia gravis
76
Anti- endomysial (anti- tissue transglutaminase)
celiac disease
77
anti-gliadin
celiac disease
78
anti- mitochondrial
primary biliary cirrhosis
79
anti- smooth muscle
autoimmune hepatitis
80
anti- glutamate decarboxylase
type 1 DM
81
anti- thyrotropin receptor
Graves disease, binds TSH receptor
82
Anti- thyroid peroxidase (anti- TPO)
Hashimoto thyroiditis
83
Anti- thyroglobulin
Hashimoto thyroiditis, Graves disease
84
Anti- basement membrane
Goodpasture disease
85
c- ANCA
Wegener (granulomatosis with polyangiitis), affecting kidney and lungs
86
p-ANCA
Churg- Struass, microscopic polyangiitis, pauci- immune crescentic GN
87
What makes coxiella burnetti different from other rickettsial organisms
``` negative Weil- Felix test no vector transmitted by aerosolized droplets endospore does not cause rash; causes interstital PNA ```
88
obligate intracellular bacteria
rickettsia coxialle chlamydia
89
proteus vulgaris renal stones
ammonium magnesium phosphate stone | staghorn calculus
90
causes cervical lymphadenitis in children
mycobacterium scrofulaceum
91
causes disseminated disease in AIDS patients
mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI) | mycobacterium avium complex (MAC)
92
causes pulmonary TB- like symptoms in COPD patients
mycobacterium kansasii
93
obligate aerobes:nagging pests must breath
nocardia pseudomonas mycobacterium tb bacillus
94
small intestinal mucosa laden with distended macrophages in the lamina propria
Whipple disease
95
defect in chylomicron exportation
abetalipoproteinemia
96
crampling associated with milk products
lactase deficiency
97
chlamydia trachomatis types A, B, C
trachoma eye infections mainly in Africa
98
Chlamydia trachomatis types D through K
STDs and PID, also neonatal conjunctivitis, urethritis
99
Chlamydia trachomatis types L1, L2, L3
lymphogranuloma venereum, looks like IBD with primary ulcer and then lymphadenopathy of the inguinal nodes
100
Chlamidophila psittaci
PNA in patients who are exposed to birds
101
Chlamidophila pneumoniae
walking PNA
102
treatment for most chlamydia and chlamydophila
macrolides or tetracyclines
103
What can cause acute pancreatitis
autodigestion of pancreas by pancreatic enzymes PANCREATITIS ``` hyperParathyroidism (increased calcium) Alcohol Neoplasm (blocks the ducts) Cholelithiasis (gallstones!) Rx (drugs) ERCP (reverse flow through pancreatic ducts) Abdominal surgert hyperTriglyceridemia Infection (mumps) Trauma Idiopathic Scorpion sting ```
104
Chronic pancreatitis
chronic inflammation, atrophy, calcification of the pancreas p.376
105
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | tumor markers, risk factors, presentation- Trousseau
average surgical of about 1 year after diagnosis, very aggressive tumor arising from pancreatic ducts CA19-9 and CEA tumor markers RF:tobacco use, chronic pancreatitis >20yrs, dm, age>50, Jewish, black trousseau syndrome: hypercoagulability, venous thrombosis, mogratory thrombophlebitis other sx: abd pain radiating to back, weighloss, malabsorption, anorexia Treat with Whipple, chemo, rads
106
chorioretinitis+hydrocephalus+intracranial calcifications
toxoplasma gondii
107
hydrops fetalis (fluid accumulations in the body such as ascites, pleural effusion)
Parvovirus B19
108
PDA+cataracts+deafness | +/- blueberry muffin rash
congenital rubella
109
saddle nose, snuffles, Hutchinson teeth, saber shins
late manifestations of congenital syphilis
110
hepatomegaly, sniffles, skeletal abnormalities, desquamating hands and feet
early manifestations of congenital syphilia
111
recurrent infections, chronic diarrhea
SCID, congenital HIV
112
encephalitis, herpetic skin lesions, meningoencephalitis, sepsis- like picture if disseminated
HSV2
113
sensorineural hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash, blueberry muffin rash, periventricular calcifications
CMV
114
what toxins are associated with GAS
1. streptolysin O -hemolysis on blood agar plates -oxygen labile 2. Streptolysin S -oxygen stable 3. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A, B, C -erythrogenic toxins (superantigens), scarlet fever, also leading to toxic shock syndrome
115
bloody diarrhea, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure
hemolytic uremic syndrome

STEP1 2015 (30 decks)

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