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STEP1 2015 > VIRAL > Flashcards

VIRAL Flashcards

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1
Q

non-enveloped RNA

my Real Heavy Picture of California was Ruined without an envelope

A

reovirus
hepevirus
picornavirus
calicivirus

RNA

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2
Q

non-enveloped DNA

PaPa and Aunt Poly Didn’t have an envelope

A

parvovirus
papillomavirus
adenovirus
polyomavirus

DNA

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3
Q

in general, where do DNA viruses replicate?

A

nucleus

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4
Q

in general, where do RNA viruses replicate?

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

DNA viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm

A

smallpox

molluscum contagiosum

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6
Q

RNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus

A

influenza virua

retroviruses

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7
Q

recombination

A

exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes of similar viruses, in regions of significant base sequence homology

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8
Q

reassortment

A

viruses with segmented genomes exchange genetic material. This can lead to pandemics

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9
Q

complementation

A

1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a nonfunctional protein. The nonmutated virus complements the mutated one by making a functional protein that serves both viruses. (Hep B and D)

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10
Q

phenotype mixing

A

simultaneous infection of a cell with 2 viruses. genome of A can be partially or completely coated with surface proteins of virus B. This changes its tropism. Future progeny, however have surface components encoded by their unchanged type A genetic material.

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11
Q

virus ploidy

A

number of copies of RNA or DNA present in virion.

All RNA and DNA viruses are haploid, except retroviruses (which are double stranded)

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12
Q

DNA viruses

HAPPy HiPPo Dung

A 
herpesvirus
adenovirus
parvovirus
papillomavirus
hepadnavirus
polyomavirus
poxvirus
DNA
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13
Q

DNA viruses

A

usually have linear dsDNA
replicate in the nucleus
icosahedral shape

exceptions: 
small parvovirus (ssDNA) 
papillomavirus (circular)
polyomavirus (circular)
hepadnavirus (circular)
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14
Q

RNA viruses

A

positive- sense ssRNA
serves as mRNA for immediate translation to protein
can also be transcribed to -ssRNA, which serves as a template for more +ssRNA

neg-sense RNA must be transcribed to pos-sense before they can be used as template for translation

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15
Q

positive- sense RNA viruses

A 
retrovirus
togavirus
flavivirus
coronavirus
hepevirus
calicivirus
picornavirus
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16
Q

live attenuated vaccines, which induce immunity via subacute infection

A 
smallpox
yellow fever
chickenpox
MMR
sabine polio (oral)
herpes zoster (shingles)
intranasal influenza
rotavirus
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17
Q

killed virus vaccines

A

formed from whole, killed viruses
may require booster to maintain protective immune response over an extended period of time

injectable influenza
rabies
hep A
salk polio (injectable)

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18
Q

subunit vaccines

A

use specific viral antigens to simulate immune response

hep B
HPV

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19
Q

yellow fever/influenza/MMR and egg allergy

A

YF: skin testing and desensitization
Influenza: if no history of anaphylaxis
MMR: egg all is not a contraindication

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20
Q

HIV patients and vaccines

A

all infants with HIV should receive rotavirus vaccine

CD4>200
MMR
Varicella

Not recommended
live virus influenza
Herpes zoster

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21
Q

heterophile negative mononucleusis

A 
CMV infection
acute HIV
acute toxoplasmosis
viral hepatitis
strep throat
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22
Q

EBV- associated malignancies

A 
Hodgkin lymphoma
Burkitt lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Diffuse large cell lymphoma
Oral hairy leukoplakia
Lymphoproliferative disorders
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23
Q

CMV and bone marrow transplant patients

A

life-threatening PNA

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24
Q

CMV and HIV

A

retinitis (blindness within days)
GI ulcerations
candida esophagitis

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25
acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir
herpes treatment guanosine analog first phosphorylated by thymidine kinase inhibits DNA polymerase after it is incorporated into the viral DNA chain valacyclovir is the valyl ester of acyclovir and is quickly hydrolized to acyclovir activity against HSV1 and HSV2 VZV, EBV Famciclovir is a prodrug of penciclovir and relies on viral thymidine kinase (acyclic guanosine nucleoside analog) HSV1, HSV2, VZV Famciclovir and valacyclovir are preferred over acyclovir for herpes zoster
26
Ganciclovir
activated by CMV viral kinase inhibits viral DNA polymerase Adverse effects:leukopenia, neutropenia, renal toxicity look for falling blood cell counts and rising creatining more toxic to host enzymes than acyclovir use for CMV, especially in immunocompromised patients
27
Foscarnet
Inhibits DNA polymerase Does not require activation by viral kinase adverse effects: renal toxicity, anemia uses: resistant HSV CMV retinitis not responsive to first-line treatment
28
HSV1, HSV2, VZV treatments
acyclovir valacyclovir famciclovir
29
CMV treatment
ganciclovir | foscarnet
30
what group of patients is prone to esophagitis cause by CMV?
AIDS patients with CD4
31
Where do HSV1, HSV2, VZV, CMV, and EBV remain latent?
``` HSV1- trigeminal ganglia HSV2- sacral ganglia VZV- doral root or trigeminal ganglia CMV- mononuclear cells EBV- B cells ```
32
What are Downey cells?
T-cells that respond to EBV infection
33
Parvovirus
ssDNA parvovirus B19 infects humans classically presents with transient aplastic crisis in sickle cell patients Also causes erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) in children "slapped cheek rash" (in the area of CN5) adults- inflammatory arthritis in utero: hydrops fetalis and miscarriage (other in the ToRCH list)
34
HPV
ds, circular types 1 and 2 common warts ``` types 6 and 11 genital warts (90%) ``` types 16 and 18 invasive cervical cancer vulvar, anal, penile, head and neck cancers
35
Adenovirus
``` dsDNA URI followed by conjunctivitis febrile pharyngitis acute hemorrhagiv cystitis PNA ```
36
Poxvirus
ds linear Smallpox Cowpox Molluscum contagiosum
37
Smallpox (variola)
ds linear poxvirus cause by enveloped variola poxvirus virus eradicated 1979 bioterrorism possibility
38
Cowpox (vaccinia)
ds linear poxvirus caused by vaccinia virus "milkmaid blisters" provides immunity to smallpox
39
Molluscum contagiosum
ds linear poxvirus flesh- colored dome- shaped lesions with central dimple (umbilication) resolves in less than a year on its own
40
polyomavirus
ds, circular JC virus- progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV JC: junky cerebrum BK virus: targets kidney
41
Hepadnavirus
hepatitis B virus partially DNA, circular hepatitis virus kind of like a retrovirus 1. partially double-stranded circular DNA enters nucleus 2. in the nucleus, host polymerase makes RNA intermediate from DNA 3. viral reverse transcriptase makes DNA from RNA intermediate
42
Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
EBV
43
gingivostomatitis
HSV1
44
erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)
parvovirus B19
45
heterophile-positive mononucleosis
EBV
46
causes conjunctivitis or diarrhea
adenovirus
47
enlarged cell with "owl's eye" inclusions
CMV
48
identified with Pap smear
HPV
49
milkmaid's blisters
cowpox (vaccinia virus)
50
Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
EBV
51
gingivostomatitis
HSV1
52
hides in sensory ganglia of S2 and S3
HSV2
53
hides in trigeminal ganglia
HSV1
54
hides in dorsal root ganglia
VZV
55
viral family of JC virus
Polyoma virus
56
Downey cells
EBV
57
human progressive multifocal leukenceophalopathy
JC virus
58
oral hairy leukoplakia
EBV
59
multinucleated giant cells on Tzanck smear
HSV1, HSV2, VZV
60
only DNA virus that is not double stranded
parvovirus
61
roseola
HHV6
62
heterophile- negative mononucleosis
CMV
63
What cell type is infected in EBV?
B cells
64
prophylaxis for influenza A
zanamivir, oseltamivir
65
used in treatment for chronic hepatitis C
Ribavirin, IFNalpha
66
first- line for herpes simplex virus or varicella- zoster virus
acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir
67
inhibits viral DNA polymerase when phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase
-cyclovirs
68
can cause conjunctivitis or diarrhea
adenovirus
69
fever, jaundice, black vomit
yellow fever
70
enlarged cell with "owl's eye" inclusions
CMV
71
identified with a Pap smear
HPV
72
"barking seal" cough
parainfluenza (croup)
73
bronchiolitis with cough and wheezing in babies
RSV (paramyxovirus)
74
Negri bodies
rabies
75
hides in trigeminal ganglia
HSV1, HSV2, VZV
76
diarrhea in children during winter months
rotavirus
77
2 most common causes of common cold
coronavirus | rhinovirus
78
Downey cells
EBV
79
aseptic meningitis
enterovirus, mumps

STEP1 2015 (30 decks)

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