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Y2S1 > MICRO Infections of the GIT - Week 5/6 > Flashcards

MICRO Infections of the GIT - Week 5/6 Flashcards

1
Q

Transmission of H. pylori gastric ulcers

A

Person-to-person, ingestion of contaminated food/water.

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2
Q

Symptoms of gastric ulcers

A

o Symptoms: dyspepsia, upper abdo pain, nausea, frequent burping, bloating
 NB: infections are, however, commonly asymptomatic.

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3
Q

Complications of H. pylori gastric ulcers

A

Gastric & duodenal ulcers, acute & chronic gastritis, gastric adenocarcinoma, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma.

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4
Q

Diagnosis of H. pylori gastric ulcers

A

Urea breath tests, faecal H. pylori antigen testing, endoscopy w biopsy specimens, histopathology, rapid urease test of biopsy, PCR.

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5
Q

Transmission of non-typhoidal salmonella

A

o Transmission/sources: large animal reservoirs (transferred to humans via contaminated food)

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6
Q

Diagnosis of non-typhoidal salmonella

A

o Diagnosis: Culture on selective media, rapid molecular methods, blood cultures.

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7
Q

Treatment of non-typhoidal salmonella

A

o Treatment : usually self-limiting & resolves without treatment, fluid & electrolyte replacement.

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8
Q

Complications of non-typhoidal salmonella

A

Invasive infection, septicaemia

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9
Q

Causative agents of typhoid & paratyphoid salmonella/enteric fever

A

Salmonella typhi & salmonella paratyphi

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10
Q

Transmission of typhoid & paratyphoid salmonella/enteric fever

A

o Transmission: person-to-person via contaminated food/water

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11
Q

Diagnosis of typhoid & paratyphoid salmonella/enteric fever

A

o Diagnosis: stool, blood culture or culture from another body fluid/tissue

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12
Q

Symptoms of typhoid & paratyphoid salmonella/enteric fever

A

o Symptoms: fever, malaise, aches, diarrhoea & constipation, rose spots

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13
Q

Treatment & prevention of typhoid & paratyphoid salmonella

A

Antibiotics
Vaccine developed.

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14
Q

Causative agents of shigellosis

A

o Causative agents: Shigella sonnei , S. flexneri, S. boydii , S. dysenteriae.

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15
Q

Transmission of shigellosis

A

o Transmission: person-to-person via faecal-oral route (highly infectious).

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16
Q

Symptoms of shigellosis

A

o Symptoms: mild-severe gastroenteritis, initial watery diarrhoea which later worsens to contain mucous & blood , lower abdominal cramps.

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17
Q

Diagnosis of shigellosis

A

Culture or rapid molecular tests.

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18
Q

Treatment of shigellosis

A

Antibiotics for severe cases, rehydration.

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19
Q

Causative agents of campylobacter

A

Campylobacter jejuni.

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20
Q

Transmission of campylobacter

A

o Transmission: large animal reservoir via contaminated food consumption (highly infectious).

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21
Q

Treatment of camylobacter

A

Antibiotics for invasive infections.

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22
Q

Causative agents of cholera

A

V. cholerae.

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23
Q

Transmission of cholera

A

Contaminated food/water.

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24
Q

Symptoms of cholera

A

o Symptoms: severe watery non-bloody diarrhoea (rice water stools), massive fluid loss & electrolyte imbalance.

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25
Q

Diagnosis of cholera

A

o Diagnosis: culture, PCR tests.

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26
Q

Treatment & prevention of cholera

A

o Treatment: oral or IV fluids, antibiotics.
Vaccine developed.

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27
Q

Causative agent of C. difficile antibiotic-associated diarrhoea.

A

o Causative agent: C. difficile (antibiotic disruption of normal gut flora -> C. difficile multiplication).

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28
Q

C. difficile symptoms

A

o Symptoms: diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fever after antibiotic treatment.

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29
Q

Complications of C. difficile infection.

A

Toxic megacolon.

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30
Q

Diagnosis of C. difficile

A

C. difficile toxin in stools.

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31
Q

Treatment of C. difficile

A

FMT, anti-anaerobic (e.g., metronidazole) or vancomycin.

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32
Q

Causative agents of E. Coli

A

o Causative agents: enteropathogenic (EPEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC), enteroinvasive (EIEC), enteroaggregative (EAEC).

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33
Q

Causative agents of staphylococcal food poisoning

A

S. aureus.

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34
Q

Transmission of staphylococcal food poisoning

A

Contaminated food.

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35
Q

Symptoms of staphylococcal food poisoning.

A

Vomiting or diarrhoea 1-6hrs post consumption.

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36
Q

Treatment of staphylococcal food poisoning

A

Usually self-limiting.

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37
Q

Bacillus cereus causative agent.

A

B. cereus.

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38
Q

Transmission of B. cereus

A

o Transmission: spores (present in soil/food ) survive cooking, germinate upon cooling.

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39
Q

Symptoms of 2 x types of bacillus cereus.

A

o Symptoms:
 Emetic form: vomiting 15min-4hrs post consumption (due to ingestion of enterotoxin).
 Diarrhoeal form: watery diarrhoea within 8-12hrs post consumption (due to production of enterotoxin in the gut).

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40
Q

Causative agent botulism.

A

C. botulinum.

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41
Q

Transmission of botulism.

A

Toxins in food (often canned food) ingested.

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42
Q

Symptoms of botulism.

A

Descending paralysis.

43
Q

Complications of botulism.

A

Death.

44
Q

Clostridium gastroenteritis causative agents.

A

C. perfringens.

45
Q

Clostridium gastroenteritis transmission.

A

o Transmission: ingestion of spore-containing or inadequately cooked food.

46
Q

Clostridium gastroenteritis symptoms.

A

Abdominal pain, diarrhoea.

47
Q

Clostridium gastroenteritis complications.

A

Necrosis of the small bowel.

48
Q

Clostridium gastroenteritis treatment.

A

Usually self-limiting.

49
Q

Norovirus causative agent.

A

Norovirus virus.

50
Q

Norovirus transmission.

A

Food/water-borne (highly infectious - w short 24h incubation period).

51
Q

Norovirus symptoms.

A

Nausea, abdo pain, vomiting (projectile), diarrhoea.

52
Q

Norovirus diagnosis.

A

PCR, electron microscopy, ELISA.

53
Q

Norovirus treatment.

A

Usually self-limiting.

54
Q

Rotavirus causative agents.

A

Rotavirus virus.

55
Q

Rotavirus transmission.

A

Faecal-oral route or contaminated food/water.

56
Q

Rotavirus symptoms.

A

o Symptoms: vomiting, diarrhoea , respiratory symptoms (e.g., cough, coryza).

57
Q

Rotavirus treatment.

A

o Treatment: fluid & electrolyte replacement (particularly for at risk populations).

58
Q

Rotavirus diagnosis.

A

PCR, ELISA.

59
Q

Rotavirus prevention.

A

Vaccine.

60
Q

Hep A symptoms

A

Usually asymptomatic.

61
Q

Hep B symptoms

A

Usually asymptomatic.

62
Q

Hep C symptoms.

A

Usually asymptomatic.

63
Q

Hep D symptoms.

A

Usually asymptomatic.

64
Q

Hep E symptoms.

A

Usually asymptomatic.

65
Q

Hep A treatment.

A

Usually self-limiting.

66
Q

Hep A complications.

A

Serious or fatal fulminant hepatitis.

67
Q

Hep B treatment.

A

Usually self-limiting.

68
Q

Hep B complications.

A

Cirrhosis, liver failure, liver cancer.

69
Q

Hep C treatment.

A

Usually self-limiting.

70
Q

Hep C complications.

A

Cirrhosis, liver failure, liver cancer.

71
Q

Hep D treatment.

A

Usually self-limiting.

72
Q

Hep E treatment.

A

Usually self-limiting.

73
Q

Hep A transmission.

A

Contaminated food, water, objects, person-to-person.

74
Q

Hep B transmission.

A

Contact w infected body fluids.

75
Q

Hep C transmission.

A

Contact w infected body fluids.

76
Q

Hep D transmission.

A

Contact w infected blood.

77
Q

Hep E transmission.

A

Faecal-oral route (often via contaminated water or undercooked meat).

78
Q

+ve HBsAg indicates

A

Infection/recent vaccination.

79
Q

+ve HBeAg indicates

A

Acute phase infection.

80
Q

+ve HBsAb

A

Infection/previous vaccination.

81
Q

HBeAb +ve, but HBeAg -ve indicates

A

Been through active phase - immune response.

82
Q

When does the the HBeAg escape?

A

During infection.

83
Q

A higher HBeAg level indicates:

A

Higher infectivity level.

84
Q

IgM high titre indicates… IgM low titre indicates…

A

Acute infection. Chronic infection.

85
Q

IgG +ve, but HBsAg -ve indicates

A

Past infection.

86
Q

H. pylori microscopy

A

Gram -ve spiral bacterium.

87
Q

Campylobacter jejuni microscopy

A

Curved/S-shaped gram -ve.

88
Q

C. difficile toxin A and B.

A

Toxin A (enterotoxin) -> increased intestinal permeability & fluid secretion.
Toxin B (cytotoxin) -> colonic inflammation, haemostasis & tissue necrosis in the colon.

89
Q

C. perfringens microscopy

A

Anaerobic gram +ve, spore-forming rod.

90
Q

Which Hep viruses are transmitted via faecal-oral route?

A

Hepatitis A and E are transmitted via faecal-oral route (often food-borne infections e.g., shellfish).
(Non-enveloped/naked viruses tend to be very hardy and tough and can survive through acid of the stomach -> GIT infectious agents).

91
Q

Amoebiasis mode of transmission.

A

Contaminated food/water or person-to-person via faecal-oral route. NB: also involves cyst formation.

92
Q

Giardiasis mode of transmission.

A

Contaminated food/water or person-to-person.

93
Q

Amoebiasis signs, symptoms & complications.

A

Asymptomatic
OR diarrhoea, dysentery, abdominal distension, fever.

Complications – liver abscess (symptoms incl. fever, nausea, liver, intermittent diarrhoea, mucous, pain, flatulence, weight loss).

94
Q

Giardiasis signs & symptoms.

A

Asymptomatic
OR weight loss, GI symptoms incl. diarrhoea, nausea, stomach cramps, gas, greasy stools, dehydration, malnutrition.

95
Q

Amoebiasis diagnosis.

A

Stool ova & parasite exam, immunoassay, serology, biopsy, molecular & antibody tests. MRI can be used to detect liver abscesses.

96
Q

Giardiasis diagnosis.

A

Stool ova & parasite exam, immunoassay, ELISA.

97
Q

Ascariasis/roundworm mode of transmission.

A

Eggs of worms are transmitted via contaminated food/water.

98
Q

Hookworm mode of transmission.

A

Eggs develop into larvae in soil contaminated by dog or cat faeces -> penetrate the skin -> reside in lumen of small/large intestine.

99
Q

Roundworm signs, symptoms, complications.

A

Shortness of breath, cough, nausea, diarrhoea, blood in the stools, abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue.

Complications – children w substantial infections may experience intestinal blockage.

100
Q

Hookworm signs, symptoms, complications.

A

Cough, itchy rash, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, diarrhoea., cutaneous larva migrans.

101
Q

Prevention of helminth infections.

A

Clean water, improving sanitation, improving hygiene, not walking barefoot, deworming.

102
Q

Roundworm diagnosis.

A

Eggs can be ID via microscopy. Worms via XRT, MRI, USS.

103
Q

Hookworm diagnosis.

A

Stool microscopy.

Y2S1 (72 decks)

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