1. skin pigmentation due to endocrine problem? 2. skin pigmentation due to bacterial illness?

1. Addison's disease 2. Whipple disease

1. is a biotin-binding protein produced in the oviducts of birds, reptiles and amphibians and deposited in the whites of their eggs = mnemonic: avid in egg whites avidly binds biotin

1. D2 2. D3 3. storage form of vit D 4. active form?

1. D2 = ergocalciferol = consumed in milk 2. D3 = cholecalciferol = from sun exposed skin 3. 25 (OH) D3 = storage form 4. 1, 25 (OH)2 D3 = active form

Micro/Path: Syndromes Flashcards by User Unknown

which malabsorption syndrome is caused by a sensitivity to gluten in cereal:

a. tropical sprue
b. celiac disease
c. whipple disease
d. autoimmune enteropathy

b. celiac disease = THINK CEREAL = CELIAC

malabsorption = defective absorption of fats, proteins, carbs, minerals, electrolytes, all vitamins and water

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malabsorption presents most commonly as

chronic diarrhea

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malabsorption = defective absorption of fats, proteins, carbs, minerals, electrolytes, all vitamins and water
___ malabsorption can be accompanied by weight loss, anorexia, abdominal distention, borboygmi, and muscle wasting.

chronic

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rumbling or gurgling noise made by the movement of fluid and gas in the intestines

borboygmi

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steatorrhea is a hallmark of? what is it?

hallmark of malabsorption = excessive fecal fat and bulky, frothy, dreasy yellow or clay colored stools

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what is damaged in the celiac disease as a result of ingestion of gluten

the mucosal lining of the small intestine is damaged

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how long a person was breastfed plays a role in how celiac disease appears. The longer someone was breastfed, the __ the symptoms appear, and the more atypical the symptoms

longer

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celiac disease can be fatal to __adults/children?

why?

adults

b/c can develop lymphoma in the intestine

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____ = cause is unknown but may be related to infectious organism. the condition affects residents/visitors to the tropics. symptoms include DIARRHEA, weight loss, steatorrhea, sore tongue from Vitamin B deficiency.

Tropical sprue

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Tropical sprue treatment

Tetracycline for up to 6 months

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a systemic bacterial illness affecting middle age men and presents diarrhea anemia, arthritis fever weight loss swollen lymph nodes and skin pigmentation. it is diagnosed by taking a small bowel biopsy through an endoscope and the treatment is antibiotics for one year or longer.

Whipple disease = Tropheryma whippelii

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skin pigmentation due to endocrine problem?

2. skin pigmentation due to bacterial illness?

Addison’s disease

2. Whipple disease

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is a rare X-linked disorder characterized by severe and persistent diarrhea and autoimmune disease that occurs most often in young children

Autoimmune enteropathy

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Abetalipoproteinemia: rare autosomal __ disease characterized by an inability to secrete ___. caused by a mutation in microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) that catalyzes transport of triglycerides, cholesterol esters, and phospholipids

recessive, triglyceride rich lipoproteins

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Crohn’s disease is a __ inflammation that may affect any part of GI tract but has tendency to affect the? major symptoms are diarrhea, abdominal pain and weight loss. may have fever, malaise lethargy anorexia nausea, vomiting and low grade fever

chronic

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seborrheic dermatitis
nervous disorders
can be induced by avidin

Biotin

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Avidin

is a biotin-binding protein produced in the oviducts of birds, reptiles and amphibians and deposited in the whites of their eggs = mnemonic: avid in egg whites avidly binds biotin

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Functional avidin is found only in raw/cooked egg,

raw
biotin avidity of the protein is destroyed by cooking
if you eat too many raw eggs you can become biotin deficient

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how was avidin discovered?

The route to discovery began with the observation that chicks on a diet of raw egg-white were deficient in biotin, despite availability of the vitamin in their diet

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how is avidin impt in research

Research in the 1970s helped establish the avidin-biotin system as a powerful tool in biological sciences. Aware of the strength and specificity of the avidin-biotin complex, researchers began to exploit avidin and streptavidin as probes and affinity matrices in numerous research projects. Avidin’s affinity for biotin is exploited in wide-ranging biochemical assays, including western blot, ELISA, ELISPOT and pull-down assays

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which vitamin deficiencies can cause anemia?

Folic acid, B6 pyridoxine, and B12 cobalamine

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which vitamin deficiencies cause microcytic anemia?

B6 (pyridoxine)

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Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing and usually mild dermatitis. In infants seborrheic dermatitis is called __
caused by deficiency in

cradle cap

biotin (B8)

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D2
D3
storage form of vit D
active form?

D2 = ergocalciferol = consumed in milk
D3 = cholecalciferol = from sun exposed skin
25 (OH) D3 = storage form
1, 25 (OH)2 D3 = active form

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the absorption of fat or water soluble vitamins is affected the most in malabsorption disorders

fat (ADEK), think of it, because we don't store water soluble so they are not affected AS much

Vitamin B12 malabsorption occurs in which kind of anemia

pernicious anemia due to the absence of intrinsic factor

vitamin __ malabsorption also occurs in Crohn's Disease

Vitamin B12

which characterized by presence of numerous polyps along with skin and bone tumors a. turcot's syndrome b. gardner's syndrome c. peutz-jeghers syndrome d. familial adenomatous polyposis

gardner's syndrome

a mass of mucosal surface protruding into the lumen of the bowel is called

a GI polyp

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP): 1. caused by the absence of ___ 2. autosomal __ 3. numerous adenomatous polyps so the risk of malignant transformation is __%

FAP 1. APC (tumor suppressor gene) think AP is also in the name 2. dominant 3. 100 to remember dominant, think if it running in the family it is dominant

1. Garner's Syndrome is a __syndrome that can affect the __ 2. autosomal __ 3. it is different than the other polyposis syndromes in that it? 4. dental affect? 5. numerous adenomatous polyps so the risk of malignant transformation is __%

1. polyposis, GI (think Gardner = G = for GI) 2. dominant (think the Gardner dominates his garden) 3. it also causes skin and bone tumors. 4. Supernumerary teeth are common 5. 100 * to remember: think he's a Gardner, G = for GI, he plants a lot of polyps, so he has skin and bone tumors, and more teeth than he can count, malignant, and he dominates his garden

Peutz-Jegher's syndrome is also a polyposis syndrome: 1. ausomal __ 2. characterized by __ polyps of the colon and small intestine (especially the jejunum) 3. characterized by what dental? 4. do the polyps have a risk of malignant transformation? 5. syndrome is associated with increased risk of

1. dominant 2. hamartomatous (non-neoplastic) 3. melanin pigmentation in the mouth and on the lips, hands and genitalia 4. no malignant potential 5. adenocarcinoma of the colon, malignancy at other sites, such as stomach, breast, lung, ovaries

most frequently occurring chromosomal disorder is

Down Syndrome

SS-A (anti-Ro) and SS-B (anti-La) are antibodies found in

Sjogrens

Sjogrens more common in men or women

women

sicca complex

diminished lacrimal and salivary gland secretion

__ Sjogrens syndrome occurs by itself

primary

___Sjogrens syndrome results from a rheumatic condition

secondary

triad of findings in Sjogrens

keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes) xerostomia (dry mouth) associated CT disease (usually RA)

do all 3 of the triad of findings in Sjogrens usually occur in the patient with the syndrome?

no that RARELY occurs

how many of the triad of findings in Sjogrens has to be present to diagnose patient with it

at least TWO have to be present

Mikulicz's Syndrome is

when there is so much lymphocytic infiltrate into the salivary glands that it causes an enlargement of the salivary glands in Sjogrens. so it is Sjogrens but with enlarged salivary glands

people with Sjogrens have an increased risk of malignant ____

lymphoma | (think foaming of saliva =lymphoma) think lymph infiltrating there

Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign are reliable indicators of

tetany

tetany is a __ syndrome

neurological = muscle twitches, cramps, carpopedal spasm = stiffness of jaws,

when tetany is severe, __ develop

seizures and laryngospasm = the vocal cords suddenly seize up, blocking the flow of air into the lungs = an uncontrolled/involuntary muscular contraction (spasm) of the laryngeal cords. also severe spasms of abdomen neck and back muscles

Acute hypocalcemia in the human being ordinarily causes NO OTHER significant effect besides ___

tetany - bc tetany kills the patient before other effects can develop

tetanus toxin enters the CNS along the __ nerves

peripheral nerves ==>>>>>>to the CNS

tetanus incubation period

5-10 days

RISUS SARDONICUS

fixed "smile" and elevated eyebrows

tetany usually occurs when the blood calcium concentration has reached __%

6% (normal is 10%).

tetany is LETHAL when the blood calcium concentration has reached __%

___ a clinical sign of existing nerve hyperexcitability (tetany) seen in hypocalcemia

The Chvostek sign

to check for The Chvostek sign, we tap the ___ nerve above the mandibular angle adjacent to the earlobe. what do we look for to confirm that the patient has tetany?

we tap the facial nerve and if the patient's facial muscle spasms and causes the patient's upper lip to twitch - confirms tetany

Trousseau's sign = to check for this sign, we apply a ___ to the patients __.

blood pressure cuff to patients arm

Trousseau's sign = to check for this sign, we apply a blood pressure cuff to patients arm, a carpopedal spasm that causes the thumb to ___ and phalangeal ___ confirms tetany

thumb adduction and phalangeal extension = confirms tetany

in which test do we check for a carpopedal spasm

Trousseau's sign test

in which test of tetany do we test the facial nerve

Chvostek sign

1. right sided heart failure leads to 2. left sided heart failure leads to a. liver cirrhosis b. peripheral edema c. pulmonary edema

1. peripheral edema | 2. pulmonary edema

anasarca

generalized edema

hydrothorax

edema due to fluid in the pleural cavity

hydrocephaly

accumulation of CSF in the cranial cavity

hydropericardium

edema due to fluid in the pericardial cavity

hydoperitoneum

edema due to fluid in the peritoneal cavity

1. non-inflammatory edema fluid that results from altered intravascular hydrostatic or osmotic pressure. low protein content and specific gravity less than 1.012 2. edema fluid that results from increased vascular permeability caused BY INFLAMMATION. high protein content and specific gravity greater than 1.012

1. transudate | 2. exudate

1. Edema that is pitting (leaves indentation after you press on skin) is seen in acute/chronic disease? 2. Edema that is non-pitting is seen in acute/chronic disease.

1. acute | 2. chronic

Agonal thrombus forms in the ___ during process of ___ after prolonged heart failure

heart, dying (think agony)

Mural thrombus forms as a result of damage to the ___, usually after a ___

Mural = ventricular endocardium damage (usually the left ventricle) following a myocardial infarct. Think M for mycocardial infarct

A ___ thrombus is composed chiefly of blood platelets

white

A _ thrombus formed rapidly by coagulation of stagnating blood composed of red blood cells rather than platelets

red

__ thrombus formed by repeated deposits of fibrin in circulating blood and it usually DOES NOT completely occlude the vessel

fibrin

a blood clot within an artery is

arterial thrombus

___ thrombosis is responsible for heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral vascular disease (thrombosis in the leg arteries). usually affects pp who already have artherosclerosis

arterial thrombus

1. __ thrombus show alternating red and white laminations (lines of Zahn). 2. __ thrombi are more uniformly red, lines less distinct

1. arterial | 2. venous

Phlebitis is inflammation of the

veins

Congestion is accumulation of

excess blood in BV

Thrombolysis is the breaking up of a blood clot. __ is most commonly used to dissolve blood clots

streptokinase

___ = blood clot that moves thru the bloodstream until it lodges in a narrow vessel and blocks circulation.

embolus

most emboli are

thromboemboli

initial, compensatory, progressive, and refractory are the stages of

shock

3 categories of shock are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, and distributive shock. septic, neurogenic and anaphylactic shock are in which category

distributive

most common type of shock is

hypovolemic

rarest type of shock

neurogenic= loss of sympathetic tone

toxic shock syndrome is an example of __ shock.

septic

toxic shock syndrome is an invasion of gram +/- bacteria