Micro Exams Questions (released) Flashcards
A patient who has anemia, poorly localized abdominal pain, and wrist and foot drop probably is manifesting a toxic state induced by?
Lead = toxic to organs (bones/kidneys/reproductive/nervous system), causes abdominal colic, confusion, anemia (bc hemolysis), hemoglobin in urine, encephalopathy seizures coma or even death. Affects the radial nerve
wrist and foot drop aka
radial nerve palsy
what other things can cause wrist and foot drop
stab chest below clavicle, broken humerus (because it runs through the radial groove on the lateral border of this bone along with the deep brachial artery), Persistent injury to the nerve is also a common cause through either repetitive motion or by applying pressure externally along the route of the radial nerve as in the prolonged use of crutches or extended leaning on the elbows.÷
The radial nerve is the terminal branch of the ___ of the brachial plexus.
posterior cord (C6, C7, C8) - to remember radial has 6 letters in it.
MYC gene abnormality
Lymphoma chromosomal translocation moves an enhancer sequence within the
normal human cells contain gene sequences homologous to virus genome sequences known to induce cancer in animals. What term applies to these gene sequences when found in human cells
viral oncogenes
which bacterial vaccines is given routinely to children in the USA
Diptheria, pertussis, tetanus (DPT)
which virus vaccines is given routinely to children in the USA
Measles, mumps, rubella
__ is the only known dietary reservoir of C. botulinum spores linked to infant botulism.
Honey
For this reason honey should not be fed to infants less than one year of age
flaccid paralysis in USA
clostridium botulinum = gram + rod anaerobic spore former, inhibits acetylcholine release from presynaptic vessels = prevents muscle contraction by blocking the release of ACh, thereby halting postsynaptic activity of the neuromuscular junction. If its effects reach the respiratory muscles, then it can cause respiratory failure, leading to death
acute flaccid paralysis
polio (AFP)
__ is a poison that comes from a plant grown in the rainforests of South America that can also cause flaccid paralysis
Curare: acts as a neuromuscular blocking agent by binding to (ACh) receptors on the muscle, blocking them from binding to ACh. As a result, ACh accumulates within the neuromuscular junction, but since ACh cannot bind to the receptors on the muscle, the muscle cannot be stimulated. This poison must enter the bloodstream for it to work. If curare affects the respiratory muscles, then its effects can become fatal, placing the victim at risk for suffocation.
BCG vaccine
Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is a vaccine against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated (virulence-reduced) live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis, that has lost its virulence in humans
Mycobacterium bovis vs M. tuberculosis
Bovis is in cattle, tuberculosis is in humans. M. bovis can also jump the species barrier and cause tuberculosis in humans and other mammals
polyvalent pneumococcus vaccine is for? Can you give it at any age?
prevent infection by pneumococcal bacteria. Immunization (vaccination) against pneumococcal infection is not recommended for infants and children younger than 2 years of age, because these persons cannot produce enough antibodies to the vaccine to protect them against a pneumococcal infection
MMR given to children at what age
1 year with a second dose before starting school (i.e. age 4/5 = attenuated live
which bacteria is commonly on the dorsum (means superior surface or back of an animal) of the tongue?
streptococcus salivarius
Gram-positive bacteria colonizes the mouth + upper respiratory tract few hours after birth, harmless in most circumstances. opportunistic pathogen, rarely finding its way into the bloodstream
Actinomyces israelii
A. israelii is a normal colonizer of the vagina, colon, and mouth. Infection is established first by a breach of the mucosal barrier during various procedures (dental, GI), aspiration, or pathologies such as diverticulitis.
a painless “lumpy jaw.”
Actinomyces israelii
Oral-cervicofacial disease is most common form
Treatment for actinomycosis consists of
antibiotics such as penicillin or amoxicillin for six to twelve months, as well as surgery if the disease is extensive
Corynebacterium diptheriae: Diptheria toxin mode of action
inhibits protein synthesis
Name the ADP-robosylation bacterial exotoxins
CHAP D Cholera toxin Heat-labile toxin Anthrax toxin Pertussis toxin Diphtheria toxin
exotoxin vs endotoxin
exotoxin is in gram + or - and is located outside the cell wall. Endotoxin is located within the cell wall and only gram - bacteria have it.
Exotoxin/endotoxins are highly toxic and not heat stable.
exotoxin
