1. emphysema is linked with what habit 2. what two groups most susceptible

1. heavy cigarette smoking 2. African americans and women

Match: a. emphysema/ b. small airway disease, bronchitis/c. bronchiectasis/ d. asthma/e. chronic bronchitis 1. smooth muscle hyperplasia, excess mucus, inflammation 2. mucous gland hyperplasia, hypersecretion 3. airspace enlargement, wall destruction 4. airway dilation and scarring 5. inflammatory scarring/obliteration

1. asthma = smooth muscle hyperplasia, excess mucus, inflammation 2. chronic bronchitis = mucous gland hyperplasia, hypersecretion 3. emphysema = airspace enlargement, wall destruction 4. bronchiectasis = airway dilation and scarring 5. airway disease, bronchitis = inflammatory scarring/obliteration

Micro/Path Lung Disorders Flashcards by User Unknown

irreversible enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole accompanied by destruction of their walls without obvious fibrosis
is what condition

emphysema

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

in emphysema the air sacs are unable to completely inflate/deflate

deflate: hyperinflation = therefore unable to fill with fresh air to ensure adequate oxygen supply to the body.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a person with emphysema will have __ breathing and increased susceptibility to

labored breathing

infection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

in emphysema, the lungs are FIXED in inspiration/expiration

inspiration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

in emphysema the lungs have ___ so much that they no longer adequate to accomplish normal gas exchange

deteriorated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the distinguishing characteristic of emphysema is air flow limitation caused by lack of

elastic recoil in the lungs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

emphysema causes an increase/decrease in lung compliance

increase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

compliance is

change in volume per unit of pressure change across an elastic structure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

emphysema is linked with what habit

2. what two groups most susceptible

heavy cigarette smoking

2. African americans and women

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

fibrosis is associated with a ___ in pulmonary compliance.
emphysema/COPD may be associated with an ___ in pulmonary compliance due to the loss of alveolar and elastic tissue

decrease
increase

think: fibrosis, air sacs not expanding so volume lower = lower compliance

emphysema, sacs are hyperinflated, lack of elastic recoil of lungs = so pressure doesn’t decrease as much as it should bc volume doesn’t decrease so increase in compliance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 types of emphysema:
centriacinar (centrilobular)/panacinar (panlobular)/paraseptal (distal acinar)/irregular:

match
1. acinus is irregularly involved, associated with SCARRING
2. causes pneumothorax in young adults
(Pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between your lungs and chest wall)
3. destroys alveoli and alveoli ducts (LOWER LOBES OF LUNGS AFFECTED, ASSOCIATED WITH AGING AND ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN deficiency)
4. associated with chronic bronchitis and smoking, destroys bronchioles (UPPER lobes) affected and MOST COMMON FORM

irregular emphysema = scarring
paraseptal = pneumothorax young pp
panacinar =lower lobes alveoli and ducts destruction, associated w/aging and anti-tryspisin deficiency
centriacinar = most common, upper lobes. associated with Chronic bronchitis and cigarettes (THINK C-entriacinar = Cigarettes, Chronic bronchitis, most Common = all the c’s) also think c comes before p so c is higher = upper lobes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a naturally occurring substance in lungs called alpha 1 antitrypsin may protect against?
pp with deficiency are at increased risk for?

emphysema.

emphysema

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

symptoms of emphysema include

shortness of breath, cough and limited exercise tolerance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease refers to what 2 conditions

emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

in most cases these two occur together

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Match:

a. emphysema/ b. small airway disease, bronchitis/c. bronchiectasis/
d. asthma/e. chronic bronchitis

smooth muscle hyperplasia, excess mucus, inflammation
mucous gland hyperplasia, hypersecretion
airspace enlargement, wall destruction
airway dilation and scarring
inflammatory scarring/obliteration

asthma = smooth muscle hyperplasia, excess mucus, inflammation
chronic bronchitis = mucous gland hyperplasia, hypersecretion
emphysema = airspace enlargement, wall destruction
bronchiectasis = airway dilation and scarring
airway disease, bronchitis = inflammatory scarring/obliteration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 month in at least 2 consecutive years in absence of any identifiable cause. mucous hypersecretion bc neutrophils release proteases such as elastase and cathepsin matrix metalloproteinass = stimulate hypersecretion

chronic bronchitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

COPD groups emphysema and chronic bronchitis together since overlapping features of damage at both the acinar level =___ and bronchial level _____, almost certainly because of what one extrinsic factor common to both

acinar level = emphysema
bronchial level = bronchitis
cigarette smoking

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

small airway disease is a variant of chronic bronchitis is known to contribute to obstruction in both

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dyspnea = ___

shortness of breath

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

asthma, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, small airway disease (bronchiolitis) affects the bronchus/acinus

bronchus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the only disorder that affects the acinus

emphysema

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the disorder that causes SMOOTH MUSCLE HYPERPLASIA and INFLAMMATION

asthma. no others produce inflammation/muscle hyperplasia.

note it does produce excess mucous like chronic bronchitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the only disorder that causes MUCOUS GLAND HYPERPLASIA

chronic bronchitis =

hyperplasia and hypersecretion of mucous gland

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the two that cause scarring

bronchiolitis (small airway disease) and bronchiectaisis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

which one is the cause of persistent or sever infections

bronchiectasis = cough purulent sputum and fever are signs and symptoms

which ones caused by tobacco smoke, air pollutants?

chronic bronchitis and bronchiolitis

this disorder signs are: episodic WHEEZING, cough, dyspnea

asthma

this disorder signs are cough, sputum production

chronic bronchitis

this disorder signs are cough and dyspnea

small airway disease (bronchiolitis)

this disorder signs are dyspnea only

emphysema

this disorder signs are cough purulent sputum and fever

bronchiectasis

Dermatitis or eczema is

inflammation of the skin.

atopic/non-atopic asthma 1. which one means evidence of allergen sensitization 2. which one means without evidence of allergen sensitization

1. atropic | 2. non atropic

ON BOARDS: cor pulmonale =

enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart also known as pulmonary heart disease, is enlargement and failure of the right ventricle of the heart as a response to increased vascular resistance or high blood pressure in the lungs (pulmonary hypertension

cor pulmonale, airway narrowing and obstruction and squamous metaplasia of the bronchial tree are common results of

chronic bronchitis

characteristic pathological change in ___ is hyperplasia of submucosal glands and hypertrophy of smooth muscle which can be quantified by the ___ which is a ratio of gland thickness to bronchial wall thickness

chronic bronchitis Reid index

patients with chronic bronchitis may be predisposed to

lung cancer (bronchogenic carcinoma)

chronic lung abscess, TB, lobular pneumonia, pulmonary embolis and bronchogenic carcinomas all present with

productive cough = cough containing sputum

1. ___, occurs when the heart is unable to provide sufficient pump action to maintain blood flow to meet the needs of the body. 2. When edema is present in addition to the above it is called ___

1. Heart failure/chronic heart failure | 2. congestive heart failure or congestive cardiac failure

Orthopnea is shortness of breath (dyspnea) which occurs when ___ causing the person to have to ___ It is the opposite of platypnea. It is commonly seen as a late manifestation of heart failure,

lying flat | sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair.

bronchiectasis is irreversible abnormal ___ of the bronchioles caused by infection. it is common in children with

dilation | cystic fibrosis

most common symptom of ___ is productive chronic cough with a FOUL SMELLING, PURULENT SPUTUM

bronchiectasis

bronchiectasis most often involves the lower/upper lobes of lungs

lower

Atelectasis = ?

incomplete expansion of the lungs or collapse of inflated lung

neonatal atelectasis is common in __ infants because

premature infants bc lack of surfactant

malabsorption of ___ is common in pt with cystic fibrosis

fat soluble vitamins = bc cystic fibrosis patients often have impaired exocrine pancreas function

the most common fatal genetic disease in white children

cystic fibrosis

cystic fibrosis is disorder of __

ion transport in epithelial cells that affects fluid secretion in exocrine glands and epithelial lining of the respiratory, GI and reproductive tracts Cystic fibrosis is caused by defects in a protein found in many tissues, including the airways and the sweat glands.

primary defect in cystic fibrosis results from abnormal function of an epithelial __ channel protein encoded by CFTR gene on chromosome 7q31.2

chloride (think C ystic = Chloride Channel)

sweat test is used to diagnose

cystic fibrosis: The sweat test measures the amount of chloride in the sweat. People with CF have more chloride (salt) in their sweat than someone who does not have CF Due to defective chloride channels (CFTR). For normal salt reabsorption to occur, individual ions of sodium and chloride must be taken from the sweat and moved back into cells of the sweat duct. These ions are moved by transporters called ion channels. In the case of sodium, there is a sodium channel; for chloride, there is a chloride channel called CFTR. In cystic fibrosis, the CFTR chloride channel is defective, and does not allow chloride to be reabsorbed into sweat duct cells.

in cystic fibrosis: ___ by sweat glands of Cl- and Na+ is normal and ___ is impaired

secretion normal | reabsorption is impaired

hemangioma

hem = blood, angio = vessel, oma = tumor is a benign and usually self-involuting tumor (swelling or growth) of the endothelial cells that line blood vessels, and is characterised by increased number of normal or abnormal vessels filled with blood. It usually appears in the first weeks of life and grows most rapidly over the first six months. Usually, growth is complete and involution has commenced by twelve months. Half of all infantile hemangiomas have completed involution by age five, 70% by age seven, and most of the remainder by age twelve.[1] In more severe cases hemangiomas may leave residual tissue damage. In infancy, it is the most common tumor

___disease = hemangiomas of the retina and cerebellum also associated with cysts of the liver, kidney adrenal glands and pancreas

Von Hippel Lindau disease

___ syndrome = uncommon hereditary CT disorder that results in abnormalities of the eyes, bones, heart, and blood vessels. patients are tall and thin with abnormally long legs and arms and spider-like fingers

Marfan's syndrome

Familial hypercholesterolemia = genetic defect in ___. can result in atherosclerosis.

LDL receptors

anthracosis = inhalation of

carbon dust

pneumoconiosis =

environmental diseases = prolonged inhalation of inorganic dust particles

Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis = inhale

coal dust = carbon and silica

two types of Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis: 1. simple = coal macules around the bronchioles. causes/doesn't cause disability 2. progressive massive fibrosis = fibrotic nodules filled with ___

1. doesn't 2. necrotic black fluid. can = bronchiectasis pulmonary hypertension or death from respiratory failure or right sided heart failure

Silicosis (stone mason’s disease) = inhalation of?

silica dust

Most common and most serious pneumoconiosis and associated with increased susceptibility to TB - ?

silicosis. silicotuberculosis

asbestosis - inhale ___. leads to ?

asbestos fibers, diffuse interstitial fibrosis in lower lobes.

which pneumoconiosis = predisposition to bronchogenic carcinoma and malignant mesothelioma

asbestosis

berylliosis = inhaled

beryllium particles

pneumonia = inflammation due to infection in pulmonary parenchyma - characterized by symptoms?

chills and fever | productive cough, bloody sputum, hypoxia, shortness of breath and sometime cyanosis

1. lobular pneumonia most often caused by ___

strep pneumoniae

interstitial pneumonia caused by (2)

mycoplasma pneumonia or viruses

bronchopneumonia is caused by

a variety of diseases (patchy distribution)

empyema

An empyema ("abscess") is a collection of pus within a naturally existing anatomical cavity. common to PNEUMONIA

which kind of pneumonia is worse

bacterial

most common bacterial pneumonia

strep pneumonia (pneumococcus)

the most common fatal infection acquired in the hospital

strep pneumoniae

Most common cause of pneumonia in young children (2-3y)

respiratory viruses ex. influenza virus, adenovirus, rhinovirus)

clinical findings in ___: crackles on auscultation (Crackles heard in the lungs), hypoxia and infiltrate in xray

pneumonia

most frequent cause of lung abscess

aspiration of infective material

pulmonary abscess more common on right/left

right bc more vertical right bronchus

single most common condition predisposing person to lung abscess is

alcoholoism

foul smelling purulent sputum, FLUID FILLED LUNG cavity, cough and fever are signs of

lung abscess

60% of cases of lung abscess organism come from

oral cavity. | staph and strep are the most common along with others like bacteroides, fusobacterium peptococcus