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Microbiology > Microbiological growth and control > Flashcards

Microbiological growth and control Flashcards

1
Q

What are phototrophs?

A

organisms that use sunlight as energy

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2
Q

what is photosynthesis?

A

turning sunlight into glucose

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3
Q

What are 3 types of phototrophs?

A

plants, algae, and cyanobacteria

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4
Q

what do plants, algae, and cyanobacteria all have in common?

A

all have chlorophyll

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5
Q

what is chlorophyll?

A

capturing molecule

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6
Q

what is NADH?

A

coenzyme that contains energy, originally stored in glucose through aerobic respiration. this energy gets transfrred into ATP

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7
Q

What is chemosynthetics?

A

using chemical compounds for energy

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8
Q

what are two types of chemosynthetics?

A

chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs

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9
Q

what are chemoautotrophs?

A

they use inorganic compounds for energy and Co2 for their carbon source. mostly aquatic organisms

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10
Q

can chemoautotrophs or chemoheterotrophs be pathogenic?

A

chemoautotrophs

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11
Q

what are chemoheterotrophs?

A

require organic compounds for both energy and carbon

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12
Q

what chemical components do chemoheterotrophs use for E?

A

Carbs, protiens, lipids, vitamins (fungi), and inorganics

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13
Q

What do chemoheterotrophs do with carbs?

A

they easily convert them into glucose for energy

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14
Q

what do Chemoheteotrophs do with protien?

A

it is broken down into amino acids first and then to make specific protiens

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15
Q

What do bacteria make their fat from?

A

sugar

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16
Q

do bacteria need vitamins?

A

no

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17
Q

what inorganics do chemoheterotrophs use?

A

S, FE, Mg, Ca, Na, K

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18
Q

why do bacteria need enzymes for digestion?

A

They use enzymes o break their food into smaller particles before they can ingest them

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19
Q

how do bacteria use their enzymes?

A

some secrete their enzymes into their surroundings while others put enzymes into their slime layer

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20
Q

what are two ways a eukaryote can ingest food?

A

diffusion and phagocytosis

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21
Q

what are two organisms that use phago cytosis?

A

amoebas and leukocytes

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22
Q

what are psychrophiles?

A

organisms that do best at temperatures below 20C

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23
Q

what types of bacteria can you find in psychrophiles?

A

refrigerator spoilage

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24
Q

how many pathogens can be found in psychrophiles?

A

few

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25
Q

what are mesophiles?

A

organisms that do best at room temp-body temp (25-37C)

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26
Q

what temperature category do most bacteria fall into?

A

mesophiles

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27
Q

what temperature catagory can most of the pathogenic organisms be found?

A

mesophiles

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28
Q

what are thermophiles?

A

organisms that do best at 40C or higher

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29
Q

what kind of bacteria can be found in thermophiles?

A

some food spoilage bacteria.

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30
Q

what temperature category can survive pasteurization?

A

thermophiles

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31
Q

what does heat do to bacteria?

A

it denatures their enzymes

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32
Q

what are 3 types of heat used to kill bacteria?

A

Dry heat, Moist heat, pasteurization

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33
Q

what does dry heat do?

A

it dessicates and kills but takes a long time and many endospores are resistant

34
Q

what are two ways to use moist heat?

A

boiling and autoclave (steam)

35
Q

what should the temperature be and for how long should an autoclave run for sterilization?

A

250F for 15-30 min

36
Q

what is a con with boiling?

A

may take hours to kill spores

37
Q

what are four types of pasteurization?

A

flash pasteurization, bulk or vat pasteurization, ultra pasteurization, and ultra high temp pasteurization

38
Q

what is pasteurization?

A

the use of high heat for short periods of time

39
Q

what is flash pasteurization?

A

used for milk and juice for 10-20 seconds at 70-80 degrees

40
Q

what is bulk or vat pasteurization?

A

used for wine for 30 minutes at 60-70C

41
Q

what is ultra pasteurization?

A

138C for 2 seconds

42
Q

what is ultra high temp pasteurization?

A

138-150C for 1-2 seconds

43
Q

what are obligate anerobes?

A

cannot live in oxygenated environments, some will produce endospores to survive

44
Q

what are 3 types of obligate anerobes?

A

clostridium botulinium, clostridium pefringes, and clostridium tetani

45
Q

what are obligate aerobes?

A

they require O2 to grow

46
Q

what is an example of an obligate aerobe?

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

47
Q

what are facultative anaerobes?

A

can grow with or without o2

48
Q

are their facultative aerobes?

A

no

49
Q

what do facultative anaerobes prefer?

A

o2

50
Q

where will you find the most pathogens? aerobes, anaerobes, or facultative anaerobes?

A

facultative anaerobes

51
Q

what are two examples of facultative anaerobes?

A

E. Coli, Salmonella

52
Q

what pH level do bacteria do best at?

A

neutral to slightly acidic (5-7.5)

53
Q

what will organisms do to combat competitors?

A

produce acids to slow their growth

54
Q

What will happen to cells if their environment is hypertonic?

A

they will crenate

55
Q

what type of environment do bacteria enjoy? hyper, hypo, or isotonic?

A

isotonic

56
Q

how much salt do bacteria enjoy?

A

about 0.85%

57
Q

what concentration of salt is sea water?

A

3.5%

58
Q

what does hypertonic mean?

A

less osmotic pressure outside the cell

59
Q

what does hypotonic mean?

A

less osmotic pressure inside the cell

60
Q

What are the 6 ways we can control bacterial growth?

A

Manipulating Energy, nutrition, temperature, oxygen, pH, osmotic pressure

61
Q

What are the five phases of the bacterial growth curve?

A

Lag, log, stationary, death, and dormant

62
Q

What is the lag phase?

A

Time from inoculation to growth, the introduction period

63
Q

What is the log phase?

A

Bacteria growing and reproducing at a constant and rapid rate. Growth phase.

64
Q

What is the stationary phase?

A

Numbers stay the same for the most part. Exaughstion of nutrients equal the amount of waste products

65
Q

What is death phase?

A

Rapid death and decrease in number because the nutrients have been exaughsted

66
Q

What is the dormant phase?

A

Few bacteria will survive either with a spore or lower their metabolic rates to bare minimum. Never hit 0

67
Q

What bacterial growth stage are antibiotics most effective during?

A

Log phase

68
Q

How long does your immune system take to build up?

A

7-10 days

69
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Energy yeilding reactions

70
Q

What is the basic energy yielding nutrient?

A

Glucose

71
Q

What is the nutritional value of glucose?

A

4kcal/g

72
Q

What are the two main routes of getting energy?

A

Fermentation and respiration

73
Q

What is the chemical equation that takes place during fermentation?

A

Glucose + 2ATP = waste product (lactic acid, alcohol, etc) + 4ATP

74
Q

What is the net amount of ATP generated from fermentation?

A

2 ATP/glucose

75
Q

What uses fermentation?

A

Yeasts and some bacteria

76
Q

What uses respiration to generate energy?

A

Bacteria

77
Q

What is the chemical equation for respiration for ATP?

A

Glucose + 2ATP=Co2 + H2O + 40ATP

78
Q

What is the net amount of ATP respiration can generate?

A

38

79
Q

What can use S or No3 or other inorganic compounds to remove H from glucose?

A

Anaerobic bacteria

80
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Energy requiring reactions, manufacture of materials required for cell function or structure

Microbiology (22 decks)

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