microevolution (final)

Question 1

evolution

Answer 1

• change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations
• gives rise to biodiversity

Question 2

antibiotic resistance

Answer 2

• direct evidence of evolution
• bacteria rapidly evolve resistance to antibiotics
• caused by over-prescribing or misuse

Question 3

homologous structures

Answer 3

• anatomical features found in diff species that share a common ancestral origin, even though they might have diff functions

Question 4

shared ancestry

Answer 4

• demonstrate that different species evolved from a common ancestor

Question 5

divergent evolution

Answer 5

• when closely related species from a common ancestor evolve different traits, becoming more distinct over time due to different environments or adaptations

Question 6

comparative anatomy

Answer 6

• study that traces evolutionary relationships and construct evolutionary trees that show how species are related

Question 7

vestigial structures

Answer 7

• biological traits that no longer serve a function
• human ex: tail bone, appendix, wisdom teeth, goosebumps

Question 8

microevolution mechanisms

Answer 8

• mutation
• genetic drift
• gene flow
• natural & sexual selection

Question 9

genetic mutations

Answer 9

• occur when theres an error in dna replication
• can lead to production of novel proteins
• consequences depend on environment

Question 10

gene flow

Answer 10

• movement of alleles through population
• reduces variation over time
• can be transferred through migration between 2 populations

Question 11

genetic drift

Answer 11

• any change in allele frequencies due to chance
• random fluctuation
• can significantly alter allele frequencies in populations

Question 12

founder effect

Answer 12

• small group of individuals becomes isolated from a larger population and establishes a new population

Question 13

genetic bottleneck

Answer 13

• drastic reduction in population size due to natural disaster, disease, or habitat loss

Question 14

natural selection

Answer 14

• favors alleles that increase the fitness of one individual over another
• 3 types

Directional Selection – Favors one extreme phenotype

Disruptive Selection
– Favors both extremes

Stabilizing Selection
- Favors intermediate phenotype

Question 15

sexual selection

Answer 15

• environment selects for traits that increase likelihood of reproductive success

Question 16

male-male competition

Answer 16

Intrasexual Selection
- Competition and selection within the same sex.

• Males maintain territories to
  monopolize access to females
• Alleles for large body size have a
  significant fitness advantage

Question 17

anisogamy

Answer 17

• difference in size between female and male gametes
• sperm are small and cheap, eggs are large and expensive
• males optimize # of matings, females benefit from being choosey