Micronutrients

Question 1

Small molecule groups that are needed by the body to maintain normal physiologic functioning

Answer 1

MICRONUTRIENTS

Question 2

MINERALS

Answer 2

• MAJOR
• MINOR (TRACE)

Question 3

VITAMINS

Answer 3

• WATER SOLUBLE
• FAT-SOLUBLE

Question 4

Concept Properties of Micronutrients

Answer 4

BIOAVAILABILITY
PRECURSORS
ORGANIC/INORGANIC NATURE
SOLUBILITY
TOXICITY
OVERLOAD SYNDROME
GENETIC ERRORS IN METABOLISM

Question 5

Refers to the amount of a nutrient that the body can use that is of good quality

Answer 5

BIOAVAILABILITY

Question 6

Factors that influence bioavailability

Increased bioavailability

Answer 6

❖Efficiency of digestion
❖Adequate nutrition status
❖Quality of nutrient absorbed

Question 7

Factors that influence bioavailability
Decreased bioavailability

Answer 7

❖Source of nutrient
❖Method of food preparation
❖Foods that interfere with absorption (binders) are taken at the same time

Question 8

Refer to the “inactive forms” or starting points from which other substances develop

Answer 8

PRECURSORS

Question 9

Are descriptions about whether micronutrients can be altered or destroyed during the handling or preparation process as a result of their chemical composition

Answer 9

ORGANIC AND INORGANIC NATURE

Question 10

Refers to the degree to which a substance can dissolve in a water or fat medium

Answer 10

SOLUBILITY

Question 11

Refers to an excess of a substance that can cause harm or damage due to accumulation in the body

Answer 11

TOXICITY

Question 12

Refers to minerals that can either be taken in or produced by the body leading to toxic levels of sodium, potassium, calcium and iron

Answer 12

OVERLOAD SYNDROME

Question 13

Processes whereby there is insufficient production, absorption, or excretion of substances resulting in clinical deficiency states (too little) or excess states (too much)

Answer 13

GENETIC ERRORS IN METABOLISM

Question 14

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Answer 14

*Vitamin B
*Vitamin C

Question 15

Function as coenzymes throughout the body in a series of chemical reactions and binding sites

Answer 15

Vitamin B

Question 16

Involved in metabolism of all macronutrients

Answer 16

Vitamin B

Question 17

Vitamin B1

Answer 17

Thiamin

Question 18

Coenzyme in CHO metabolism

Answer 18

Vitamin B1 - Thiamin

Question 19

Dietary sources of Vitamin B1 - Thiamin

Answer 19

• Pork, wheat germ,, black eyed peas
• Fortified cereals and enriched grains

Question 20

Vitamin B1 - Thiamin
Deficiency

Answer 20

• Beriberi
• Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Question 21

Excess Vitamin B1 - Thiamin

Answer 21

• Headache, irritability, insomnia
• Tachycardia and weakness

Question 22

Neurological deficits (disorientation, short-term memory loss, jerky eye movements, staggered gait and weakness) that can lead to cardiac failure

Answer 22

Beriberi

Question 23

Clinical state of encephalopathy seen in clients with alcoholism, noted by the presence of mental changes, psychosis and coma

Answer 23

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Question 24

Vitamin B2

Answer 24

Riboflavin

Question 25

Coenzyme in protein and energy metabolism and conversion of other vitamins into active forms (B6, niacin, folate and K)

Answer 25

Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin

Question 26

Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin Deficiency

Answer 26

* Ariboflavinosis * Oral lesions * Eye problems

Question 27

Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin Excess

Answer 27

Yellow-orange discoloration of urine

Question 28

Refers to a clinical deficiency state that affects the skin, eyes, mouth, and tongue and results in the development of a normocytic anemia

Answer 28

Ariboflavinosis

Question 29

Oral lesions such as ____________ (cracks at the corners of the mouth) and eye problems (photophobia, tearing, and burning)

Answer 29

cheilosis

Question 30

Vitamin B3

Answer 30

Niacin

Question 31

Functions as part of respiratory enzymes and is involved in energy expenditure

Answer 31

Niacin

Question 32

Precursor to niacin is

Answer 32

tryptophan

Question 33

Cholesterol lowering properties and causes peripheral vasodilation

Answer 33

Niacin

Question 34

Vitamin B3 - Niacin Deficiency

Answer 34

* Pellagra * Drug interactions * Carcinoid syndrome * Hartnup disease

Question 35

Pellagra * Clinical deficiency state characterized by the three Ds:

Answer 35

dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia

Question 36

can exist when serum blood tryptophan levels are low due to increased serotonin synthesis from tumors

Answer 36

Carcinoid syndrome

Question 37

Rare genetic disorder that is characterized by decreased absorption of tryptophan with similar symptoms to those of pellagra

Answer 37

Hartnup disease

Question 38

Coenzyme in metabolism that functions in the tricarboxylic cycle for release of energy

Answer 38

Biotin

Question 39

Involved in gluconeogenesis

Answer 39

Biotin

Question 40

Biotin * Deficiency

Answer 40

* Large number of eggwhites in the diet * Px with Phenylketonuria * Long term TPN * Protein energy malnutrition * Biotindase deficiency

Question 41

Biotin Excess

Answer 41

* No toxic effects reported * No UL has been indicated

Question 42

Leads to functional biotin deficiency because high phenylalanine levels inhibit enzyme activity

Answer 42

Phenylketonuria

Question 43

Genetic disorder that leads to clinical deficiency state resulting in delayed development, seizures, and rashes, fatal without biotin correction

Answer 43

Biotindase deficiency

Question 44

Vitamin B5

Answer 44

Panthothenic acid

Question 45

Coenzyme in metabolism that functions in the tricarboxylic cycle for release of energy

Answer 45

Vitamin B5 - Panthothenic acid

Question 46

Vitamin B5 *Deficiency

Answer 46

* Fatigue, paresthesias, weakness, and leg cramps * Neurological manifestations (restlessness and irritability) * Burning feet syndrome

Question 47

Vitamin B5 Excess

Answer 47

- Diarrhea can occur with excess levels of this vitamin - Fluid retention can occur with excess levels of this vitamin

Question 48

Vitamin B6

Answer 48

Pyridoxine

Question 49

Coenzyme in amino acid, lipid and protein metabolism (gluconeogenesis), erythrocyte function, modulation of hormones

Answer 49

Vitamin B6 - Pyridoxine

Question 50

Made by intestinal bacteria in the body

Answer 50

Vitamin B6 - Pyridoxine

Question 51

Used in the synthesis of DNA and helps convert Vit.B12 to a coenzyme form in the body

Answer 51

Folic Acid

Question 52

Growth and development of RBCs

Answer 52

Folic Acid

Question 53

Increased need is seen during pre pregnancy and antenatal periods for its effect on preventing neural tube defects and allowing normal spinal cord development

Answer 53

Folic Acid

Question 54

Associated with folic acid deficiency in pregnant women and result in spinal deformities of the fetus

Answer 54

Neural tube defects

Question 55

Large immature cells with a decreased oxygen-carrying capacity

Answer 55

Megaloblastic anemia

Question 56

This can occur due to impaired DNA synthesis

Answer 56

Megaloblastic anemia

Question 57

is used as a biochemical marker for correlation of presence of neural tube defects and certain cancers in the body

Answer 57

AFP (Alpha feto protein)

Question 58

Vitamin B12

Answer 58

cobalamin/cyanocobalamin

Question 59

Coenzyme in the synthesis of hemoglobin, RBCs and DNA

Answer 59

Vitamin B12 - cobalamin/cyanocobalamin

Question 60

Vitamin C

Answer 60

Ascorbic acid

Question 61

Antioxidant function

Answer 61

Vitamin C - Ascorbic acid

Question 62

Synthesis of neurotransmitters, hormones, and bile acids, metabolism of amino acids and breakdown of fatty acids

Answer 62

Vitamin C - Ascorbic acid

Question 63

Enhances folic acid conversion and iron absorption

Answer 63

Vitamin C - Ascorbic acid

Question 64

Structural component involved in collagen formation in the body

Answer 64

Vitamin C - Ascorbic acid