Water and Minerals Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Pertain to the elements in their simple inorganic form
A
Minerals
2
Q
Major Minerals
A
- Sodium
- Chloride
- Potassium
- Calcium
- Phosphorus
- Magnesium
3
Q
Involved in fluid balance via antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone secretion
A
Sodium
4
Q
Nerve transmission and neurological function
A
Sodium
5
Q
critical for brain health
A
Sodium
6
Q
it helps control BP and blood volume
A
Sodium
7
Q
Maintain acid base balance in conjunction with chloride
A
Sodium
8
Q
Sodium maintain acid base balance in conjunction with _______________
A
chloride
9
Q
MAJOR CATION OF ECF
A
Sodium
10
Q
Major cation in the ICF is
A
Potassium
11
Q
DIETARY SOURCES of Sodium
A
- Processed or prepared foods
- Preservative or flavoring agent in food products
- Hidden sources (Medications)
12
Q
RDA of Sodium for adults
A
500 mg/day
13
Q
Symptoms of Sodium Deficiency
A
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle cramps, and mental status changes (confusion and disorientation)
14
Q
Excess Sodium
A
- Hypernatremia
- Contributes to the development of edema and hypertension and lead to neurological signs
15
Q
Fluid balance
A
Chloride
16
Q
major anion of the ECF
A
Chloride
17
Q
Acid base balance and moves across the cell membrane to interact with potassium
A
Chloride
18
Q
main role of Chloride is acid base balance and moves across the cell membrane to interact with ____________
A
potassium
19
Q
Maintain gastric acidity (HCL)
A
Chloride
20
Q
Chloride works with?
A
Potassium, Sodium and Carbon Dioxide
21
Q
Chloride RDA
A
750 mg/day
22
Q
Chloride is often linked with ___________ in foods
A
sodium
23
Q
Chloride Deficiency
A
- Infants with condition of failure to thrive
- Losses occur through GI tract and result in dehydration and
acid base imbalance
24
Q
Excess Sodium
A
- Vomiting
- Not usually seen unless there is an underlying disease state
25
Important in nerve transmission and muscle contraction
Potassium
26
Maintain acid base balance by transcellular shifting in response to acid base changes in the body
Potassium
27
Cardiac muscle
Potassium
28
MAJOR CATION OF THE ICF
Potassium
29
Dietary Sources of Potassium
- Cooked dried beans, potatoes, banana, orange
- Fresh fruits, less in processed foods
30
Large amounts of licorice in the diet can lead to
hypokalemia and sodium water retention
31
RDA of Potassium for adults
2000 mg/day
32
Potassium is seen coexisting with deficiencies of other electrolytes like
magnesium and calcium
33
Certain medications can lead to retained levels of potassium in the body such as
ace inhibitors, steroids, and potassium sparing diuretics
34
Potassium deficiency is seen usually from the use of certain medications that promote _____________________
K+ excretion
35
help rid your body of salt (sodium) and water. can decrease edema and blood pressure
Diuretics
36
Constituent part of bones and teeth
Calcium
37
Nerve conduction (neurotransmitter) and muscle contraction (actin/myosin)
Calcium
38
Coagulation pathway
Calcium
39
Active and inactive forms exist in the body (ionized and nonionized)
Calcium
40
Calcium has an inverse relationship with?
Phosphorus
41
increases serum CA+
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
42
decreases serum CA+
Calcitonin
43
DIETARY SOURCES of Calcium
Sardines, milk, dairy
44
Adequate Intake of Calcium for adults (19-50 years old)
1000 mg/day
45
Adequate Intake of Calcium for adults 51 years old and over
1500 mg/day
46
decreases calcium absorption (nuts, seeds, grains)
Phytates
47
decreases calcium absorption (spinach, beets, chocolate)
Oxalates
48
decreases Ca+ absorption
High fiber
49
Clinical signs of Calcium deficiency:
Chvostek (facial nerve grimace) and Trousseau (carpopedal spasm)
50
facial nerve grimace
Chvostek
51
carpopedal spasm
Trousseau
52
Associated deficiencies of Calcium seen with
potassium and magnesium
53
Calcium Deficieny
- Development of tetany
- Osteoporosis
- Bone demineralization, relaxed nerve and muscle coordination
54
alkalotic condition due to increased amounts of milk or antacid
Milk-alkali syndrome
55
Excess Calcium
- Metastatic process or kidney stone formation
- Constipation
- Milk-alkali syndrome
- Hypercalcemic crisis
56
Structural component of bones, teeth and phospholipids throughout the body
Phosphorus
57
Synthesis of dna and rna, coenzyme in many chemical reactions
Phosphorus
58
Buffer system as a phosphate
Phosphorus
59
Phosphorus has an inverse relationship with __________ in the body
calcium
60
Dietary Sources of Phosphorus
- Dairy and meat products
- Processed foods
61
Phosphorus RDA for adults
700 mg/day
62
RDA Phosphorus upper levels is listed as _________________ for adults 19-70 years of age
4,000 mg/day
63
Phosphorus Deficiency
- Bone loss and muscle weakness
64
________ levels of calcium accompany ____ levels of phosphorus
High; low
65
Excess levels of Phosphorus are associated with ________________________ = __________
low serum calcium levels; tetany
66
Clients with compromised renal status = _________________________________
elevated phosphorus levels
67
Bones in the body
Magnesium
68
Nature’s calcium channel blocker – decreases blood pressure and smooth muscle contraction
Magnesium
69
Coenzyme in energy metabolism and a neurotransmitter
Magnesium
70
Regulates blood pressure and blood clotting by balancing these effects
Magnesium
71
Dietary Sources of Magnesium
- Sunflower seeds, legumes, dark green leafy vegetables
- Chocolate cocoa, nuts, and seafood
72
Magnesium RDA for adult males
400-420 mg/day
73
Magnesium RDA for adult females
310-320 mg/day
74
Magnesium Deficiency
- Malabsorption problems and suffer chronic alcohol abuse
- Increased magnesium excretion (chronic use of laxatives)
- Manifestations: muscle weakness, mental status changes, tetany like symptoms, mental status changes
75
Excess Magnesium
- renal failure, dehydration states, diarrhea, alkalotic imbalances
76
maintains protein structure because of the disulfide linkages between parallel peptide chains
Sulfur
77
Activates enzymes
Sulfur
78
Participates in detoxification reactions by which toxic materials conjugate with active sulfate and convert them to non-toxic forms which are excreted in the urine
Sulfur
79
Protein contains about ___ sulfur so that a diet adequate in protein will contain enough sulfur
1%
80
Trace Minerals
- Iron
- Iodine
81
Component of RBCs in hemoglobin formation and as a component of muscles in the form of myoglobin
Iron
82
Stored and transported in the body through a series of blood carrying proteins
Iron
83
is the iron-holding part of the hemoglobin molecule and is usually found in animal sources
Heme
84
Non-heme sources of iron are usually found in
plant sources
85
promotes iron absorption
Vitamin C
86
Dietary Sources of Iron
Meat, poultry, fish
87
RDA of Iron for adult male
8 mg/day
88
RDA of Iron for adult female
18 mg/day 19-50 yo, and 8 mg/day for 51 and over
89
Iron Deficiency
- NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA – IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA – fatigue, weakness, headache, pallor
- Pica
- Females due to menstrual flow, pregnant females
due to dilutional anemia in pregnancy
90
Excess Iron
- Iron overload symptoms include tissue damage, infections, liver damage
- Hemochromatosis
- Pediatric clients – at risk
91
Important component of thyroid hormone (t3, t4 and TSH)
Iodine
92
Growth and development, reproduction and balance of metabolic rate and temperature
Iodine
93
Dietary Sources of Iodine
- Saltwater fish and shellfish
- Iodized salt (fortified)
- Broccoli, brussel sprouts and cabbage
94
thyroid antagonist, interfered with the body’s absorption of iodine
Broccoli, brussel sprouts and cabbage
95
Iodine Deficiency
- Goiter formation
- Hypothyroid clinical states exist due to insufficient hormones, this can lead to cretinism (congenital condition due to maternal deficiency) and myxedema (deficiency seen in children and adults due to decreased thyroid activity)
- Manifestations: slowing down of metabolism, weight gain,
temperature intolerance (cold), hypotension, bradycardia
and constipation
96
congenital condition due to maternal deficiency
cretinism
97
deficiency seen in children and adults due to decreased thyroid activity
myxedema
98
Iodine RDA
150ug
99
Excess Iodine
- Accidental exposures to excess iodine levels during pregnancy can lead to teratogenic effects
- Manifestations: opposite of deficiency
100
Iron overload symptoms include
tissue damage, infections, liver damage
