middle ages #1 - #5 Flashcards
(56 cards)
1
Q
fief
A
granted land
2
Q
vassal
A
the person receiving the fief
3
Q
serfs
A
people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born
4
Q
tithe
A
church tax
5
Q
monasteries
A
religious communities built by the church
6
Q
papacy
A
pope’s office
7
Q
secular
A
power involved in politics
8
Q
sagas
A
collection of stories about the lives of early nordic and germanic people
9
Q
eddas
A
collection of myths, legends, and poetry about norse gods and their enemies
10
Q
clergy
A
bishops and priests who fall under the pope’s authority
11
Q
sacraments
A
important religious ceremonies
12
Q
canon law
A
church law, code of conduct
13
Q
holy roman empire
A
german-italian empire created by otto i
14
Q
lay investiture
A
when kings and nobles appoint church officials
15
Q
lombard league
A
alliance of merchants
16
Q
interdict/excommunication
A
a sentence from the church forbidding someone from participating in church services (sacraments etc.)
17
Q
simony
A
the buying and selling of church positions
18
Q
franks
A
- germanic people
- settled along the rhine river
19
Q
charles matel (the hammer)
A
- mayor of the palace
- reunited all frankish rulers
- battle of tours, defeated arabs and berbers
20
Q
clovis
A
- ruled during the merovingian dynasty
- united the franks
- capital in paris
- admired romans
- converted to christianity
- supported by romans
- had priests in the government
21
Q
pope gregory i
A
- made the church religious and political
- strengthened the vision of a christendom (churchly kingdom)
- used church revenues to:
- raise armies
- repair roads
- help the poor
22
Q
pepin the short
A
- first ruler of the carlingian dynasty
- defeated the lambords (threat to the pope)
- donation of pepin
- became the first king to be anointed by the pope
- after his death, the empire split into two
23
Q
charle magne (charles the great)
A
- two goals, unite western europe and set up a christian kingdom
- ruled from aachen
- waged wars against lombards, saxons, and muslims
- strong ties between church and government
- traveled empire to gain loyalty
- laws in empire
24
Q
franks - decline of the empire
A
- division weakened empire
- heirs were weak rulers
- charlemeagne crowned his only surviving son, louis pious
- religious man
- ineffective ruler
- louis pious’s three sons fight for the throne
- treaty of verdun
- split the empire into three kingdoms among louis pious’s three sons (charlemagne’s grandsons)
- charlemeagne crowned his only surviving son, louis pious
- lost power and central authority
25
vikings - fjord
- a long, narrow, deep river of the sea between high cliffs
- typically in norway and iceland
26
viking age
- homeland: scandinavia
- denmark
- sweden
- norway
- primarily traveled by boat
- knarr: merchant ship
- langskip: warship
27
vikings - social structure
1. jarls: aristocracy (upper class, military chiefs, nobles)
2. karls: freemen, landowners, farmers, peasants
3. thralls: slaves
28
vikings - men
- warriors, banzerkers
- farm, fish, hunt
- boys learned to fight
29
vikings - women
- took care of household
- spinning, weaving, sewing
- encouraged battles
30
vikings - religion
- gods, goddesses, giants
- valhalla
- those who die in battle enter valhalla
- feast and fight forever
- eventually converted to christianity
31
vikings - language
- language depends on where they lived
- written language called runes
32
vikings - rollo
- the first ruler of the normady
- head of a viking army
- charles granted rollo a huge piece of french territory (normady)
- rollo pledge loyalty to the king
33
eric the red
- most likely earned his name because of his hair and beard
- a viking explorer
- discovered greenland
34
leif ericson
- a viking explorer
- discovered north america (before columbus)
35
feudalism - social structure
1. monarch
2. high lord
3. vassals
4. knights
5. peasant, serfs
36
feudalism - monarch/king
- king depends on the nobles for food and soldiers, nobles became more powerful than the king
37
feudalism - high lords
- gained rights to collect taxes, make and enforce laws, raised armies, and coined their own money
- controlled food supply
- protected the vassal and his family
- justice in his court settled disputes
38
feudalism - vassals
- oath of fealty
- in promise to not harm the lord and damage the property
- received fief from the lord, governed the people who lived on the land
- provided military service, and knights, gave entertainment to his lord
- also paid taxes
- would serve a lord’s prison time or pay the ransom
39
feudalism - knights
- code of chivalry
- behavior guide for good manners
- obey his lord
- show bravery
- respect women of noble birth
- honor the church
- be honest, fight fairly
- rewarded with land and money
40
feudalism - peasant and serfs
- paid taxes to use mill and bakery, paid a tithe to the priest
- lived in crowded cottages
- raised crops and livestock
- poor diet, illness, life expectancy is thirty-five
- soap, broom, containers
- in return get land to work, shelter, protection
- accepted hardships and hard life because they believed it was what god had intended for them
41
feudalism - manor system/manorialism
- economic system tied to feudalism
- based upon fief
42
feudalism - manor
the land and everything on it
- defines wealth of the middle ages
- self-sufficient community
43
knights - code of chivalry
- a set of ideals
- demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters: feudal lord, heavenly lord, and chosen lady
44
knights - tournaments
- mock battles
- fierce and bloody competitions
- winners could demand large ransom from defeated knights
45
knights - page
- age seven: live with the noble family
- often his father’s lord
- serves with other young boys
- run errands and acts as a servant. learns to ride a horse
- shadow the knight
- learn good manners and social skills (chivalry). obedient to the lord and lady
- taught to read and write; focused on love, musical training, religion
- physical activities
- strength
46
knights - squire
- age fourteen: intensified training
- a ceremony: exchanged a dagger for a sword
- continue to ride and care for horses
- hunting and falconry
- practicing with weapons
- took care of lord’s armor and followed him to battle
47
knights - armiger
- age twenty-one: end of squire stage
- represents entry yo manhood
- could now fight in battle
- symbolic ceremony (dubbing)
- oath of loyalty
48
church - social structure
1. pope
2. high church officials
3. priests
4. lay people, followers
49
power of the medieval church
- church controlled 1/3 of the land in western europe
- tried to curb feudal warfare, only allowing knights to go to war for forty days
- curb heresies, crusades and inquisition
- tithe
- peters penance, paid by peasants
- canon laws, laws of the church
50
church authority
- believe people are sinners, go to hell
- the only way to avoid hell was to participate in seven sacraments
- church decides who can participate
- absolute power to religious life
51
medieval church and reform
- success brings problems, as wealth increases, discipline decreases
- problems:
- clergy is worldly (politics)
- should be heavenly
- living in luxury
- should help the poor, donation
- monks and nuns ignore vows
- marriage of priests
- marriage of priests
52
otto i
- most effective ruler of medieval germany
- followed policies of charlemagne
- invaded italy on pope’s behalf
- pope crowned him emperor
- close alliance to the church
- sought help from clergy to limit noble’s strength
- built-up power base by gaining support of the bishops and abbots (head of monasteries)
- used power to defeat german princes
- created the holy roman empire
- caused trouble for german leaders
- popes and italian nobles resented german power over italy
53
pope gregory vii
- banned lay investiture because it caused corruption in the church
- church informers believed kings should not have the power to appoint church officals
- henry iv ordered gregory vii to step down from papacy
- he excommunicated henry iv
- german bishops and princes sided with gregory vii
54
henry iv
- young, german emperor
- ordered gregory vii to step down from papacy
- tried to win pope’s forgiveness after being excommunicated
- traveled to canossa (somewhere in italy)
- begged in the snow for three days until gregory vii ended his excommunication
55
church - lay investiture
- successors of greory vii and henry iv continue to fight over lay investiture
- representatives of church and emperor meet in worms
- concodat of worms
- the church appoints bishops, but the emperor can veto
- compromise by the church and emperor
56
battle of legnano
- frederick kept invading rich cities of italy and bothering italian merchants because he wants their wealth
- angered the pope
- battle between lombard league (church and merchants) and frederick’s army (knights)
- lombard league wins
- frederick made peace with pope and returned to germany
- defeat undermined authority with german princes
