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SFU 205 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

K+

ICF/ECF

A

ICF: 140 mM

ECF: 4 mM

mV: -94

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2
Q

Na+

ICF/ECF

A

ICF: 15 mM

ECF: 145 mM

mV: +60

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3
Q

Ca2+

ICF/ECF

A

ICF: <0.001 mM

ECF: 1.8 mM

mV: +99

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4
Q

Cl-

ICF/ECF

A

ICF: 4 mM

ECF: 115 mM

mV: -89

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5
Q

What is the primary contributor to RMP in all cells?

A

K+

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6
Q

LOCAL Communication Methods between Cells

A

1) Gap junctions
2) Contact-dependent
3) Autocrine
4) Paracrine

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7
Q

LONG DISTANCE Communication between Cells

A

1) Neuronal

2) Endocrine

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8
Q

Neurotransmitters are secreted by _________

A

Neurotissues

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9
Q

Hormones are secreted by _________

A

Endocrine glands

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10
Q

Neurohormones (chemicals) are released by ________

A

Neurons

Example: Oxytocin and Vasopressin (Posterior Pituitary)

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11
Q

Steroid hormones act on _____cellular receptors.

A

Intra

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12
Q

Extracellular signal molecules act on ________ receptors.

A

Surface

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13
Q

Gs pathway

A

AC ➡️ cAMP ➡️ Protein kinase A

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14
Q

Gq pathway

A

PLC ➡️ IP3 ➡️ Release of Ca2+

➡️ Diacylglycerol (DAG) ➡️ Protein kinase C (PKC)

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15
Q

Peptide hormones are made __________ and ______ in vesicles. They’re released into ECF via __________ then _________ into the blood. They act on _______ proteins.

A 
In advance
Stored
Exocytosis
Diffuses
Target
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16
Q

Steroid hormones are made from __________. The ______ ER synthesize ________. They act within the _______ of the cell.

*Slow, genomic response

A

Cholesterol
Smooth
Lipids
Nucleus

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17
Q

Amine hormones are derived from _________.

A

Tyrosine

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18
Q

Catecholamines are similar to _______ hormones. They act on _________ receptors.

A

Peptide

Membrane

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19
Q

Thyroid hormones are similar to _________ hormones. They act on ____________ receptors.

A

Steroid

Intracellular

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20
Q

ENDOcrine Pancreas have specialized cells.

A

1 Alpha cells secrete GLUCAGON

2 Beta cells secrete INSULIN

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21
Q

EXOcrine Pancreas have specialized cells.

A

1) Acinar cells secrete DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

2 Duct cells secrete NaHCO3

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22
Q

The anterior pituitary secretes ___________.

This secretes true hormones.

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

FSH
Prolactin
GH
ACTH
LH
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23
Q

Adrenal cortex secretes ___________.

24
Q

Down regulation usually involves ____________ of membrane receptors.

25
Sensitization and Desensitization is also known as _______________. The total number of receptors ___________ change.
Phosphorylation | Does not
26
When blood glucose is HIGH, _____ cells activate ____________ where the body takes up more glucose. The liver stores it as ________. Blood glucose levels decline.
Beta Tyrosine kinase Glycogen
27
When blood glucose is LOW, _____ cells activate ____________ where the liver is able to break down glycogen, and release ________ into the blood. Blood glucose levels increase.
Alpha GPCR (Gs) Glucose
28
Types of SENSORY neurons
Pseudounipolar | Bipolar
29
Types of INTERNEURONS
Anaxonic | Multipolar
30
Type of EFFERENT neurons
Multipolar
31
Graded potentials can be mechanical/_________/voltage-gated channels. EPSP ions are ___, ____. IPSP ion is __. These can be ______ with no minimum level required to initiate.
Chemical Na+, K+ Cl- Summed
32
Subthreshold graded potentials =
No action potential
33
Suprathreshold graded potentials =
Yes action potential
34
Myelin speeds up conduction. _ Membrane resistance (Rm) _ Membrane Capacitance
⬆️ | ⬇️
35
Ionotropic responses are ____ and mediated by ________ channels.
Fast | Receptor
36
Metabotropic responses are ____ and mediated by _____.
Slow | GPCR
37
Meninges stabilize and protect neural tissue. The 3 involved are __________.
1 Pia mater 2 Dura mater 3 Arachnoid membrane
38
_________________ produce the cerebrospinal fluid. They transport ____ and nutrients from the blood into the CSF.
Choroid plexus | Ions
39
___________ foot processes secrete paracrines that promote _______________ formation.
Astrocyte | Tight junction
40
Gray matter are clusters of _____________. In the PNS, they're called __________.
Cell bodies | Ganglion
41
White matter are tracts of ____________ axon fibers. In the PNS, they're called _________.
Myelinated | Nerves
42
Forebrain is composed of ...
Cerebrum | Diencephalon
43
Brainstem is composed of __________, __________, ___________. Its main function is __________ control.
Medulla, Pons, Midbrain Autonomic Examples: breathing, respiration, eye movements
44
Corpus callosum connects ...
L/R hemispheres
45
Diencephalon is composed of ___________, ____________, ______________, ____________.
Hypothalamus Pineal gland Thalamus Pituitary gland
46
Basal ganglia control smooth, ____________ movement.
Voluntary
47
The Limbic System is composed of 3 parts...
``` 1 Amygdala (links Emotion) 2 Cingulate gyrus (Emotions 3 Hippocampus (Memory + Learning) ```
48
The Hypothalamus is responsible for _______________ control centre. It maintains ___________, motivates ________ and drinking behaviour. It stimulates _________ centre and interacts with the _________ system.
``` Homeostatic Body temperature Thirst Satiety Limbic ```
49
Cerebellum ("little brain") coordinates _________.
Movement
50
The inability to speak ...
Broca's aphasia
51
The inability to understand...
Wernicke's aphasia
52
Neurotransmitter(s) in the SYMPATHETIC pathway:
Acetylcholine | Norepinephrine
53
Neurotransmitter(s) in the PARASYMPATHETIC pathway:
Acetylcholine
54
Neurotransmitter(s) for an IONOTROPIC response:
Nicotinic receptor
55
Neurotransmitter(s) for a METABOTROPIC response:
1 Adrenergic receptor (α and β) | 2 Muscarinic receptor (M1-M5)

SFU 205 (5 decks)

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