Midterm 2 (Part 1)

Question 1

Mechanoreceptors are for ______.

Answer 1

Touch

Question 2

Nocireceptors are for ________ and ________.

Answer 2

Pain and Itch

Question 3

pH, Na+, O2 will activate _________.

Answer 3

Chemoreceptors

Question 4

Gravity and pressure will activate _________.

Answer 4

Mechanoreceptors

Question 5

Light will activate _________.

Answer 5

Photoreceptors

Question 6

Receptor potential is ________. It will either ___________ or __________.

Answer 6

Passive
Depolarize
Hyperpolarize

Question 7

____________ stimulus is the minimum stimulus needed to produce an ______cellular response. It releases a ____________ or fires an _________________.

Answer 7

Threshold
Intra
Neurotransmitter
AP

Question 8

Olfactory receptors are actually ____________.

Answer 8

Neurons

Question 9

Free nerve endings express ____ channels sensitive to ______ or ____________. These have _____ responses.

Answer 9

Ion
Pain
Touch
Slow

Question 10

Enclosed nerve endings have layers of ____________ tissue. These have _____ responses.

Answer 10

Connective

Fast

Question 11

Sensory neurons use ___ frequency and burst ___________.

Answer 11

AP (Intensity)

Duration

Question 12

Secondary neurons have ____________ collaterals that project to neighbouring neurons.

Answer 12

Inhibitory

Question 13

______ receptors are slowly adapting receptors at respond for the duration of the stimulus.

Answer 13

Tonic

Question 14

What are the 5 sensory receptor types?

Answer 14

1 Free nerve endings (Temperature)
2 Meissner's corpuscles (Flutter)
3 Pacinian corpuscles (Vibration)
4 Ruffini corpuscles (Stretch)
5 Merkel's discs (Pressure)

Question 15

Olfactory system pathway

Answer 15

Air ➡️ Nasal cavity (Cranial nerve 1) ➡️ Olfactory bulb ➡️ Olfactory tract ➡️ Olfactory cortex ➡️ Cerebrum or Limbic System

Question 16

Odorant receptor proteins are all ________.

Answer 16

GPCRs

Question 17

Signal transduction of Olfactory System (Smell)

Answer 17

G(olf) ➡️ AC ➡️ cAMP ➡️ Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Na+ channels ➡️ AP at hillock

*Inward Na+ influx, DEPOLARIZATION

Question 18

Taste ligands create ___ signals that release __________ or ATP.

Answer 18

Ca2+

Serotonin

Question 19

Type I support cells ______ salt, and ________ cells structurally and biochemically.

Answer 19

Sense

Support

Question 20

Type II cells express __________.

Answer 20

Receptors

Question 21

Presynaptic cells (Type III) release neurotransmitters onto primary sensory neurons. They’re sensitive to __.

Answer 21

pH

Question 22

Sweet/Umami/Bitter ligand activate the __________ GPCR. Ca2+ signal triggers ATP formation. ___ is released. Primary sensory neuron fires and AP’s are sent to the brain.

Answer 22

Gustducin

ATP

Question 23

Sour ligand activate __. Ca2+ signal triggers __________. The nt __________ is released. Primary sensory neuron fires and AP’s are sent to the brain.

Answer 23

H+
Exocytosis
Serotonin

Question 24

What is the order?

1 Incus
2 Stapes
3 Malleus

Answer 24

3, 1, 2

Question 25

The Vestibular and Tympanic ducts have _____________. The Cochlear has _____________ which contains ⬆️ __.

Answer 25

Perilymph Endolymph K+

Question 26

Fluid waves from the oval window cause the hair cells to _____ and ion channels _____ which creates an electrical signal that alters _____________ release.

Answer 26

Bend Open Neurotransmitter

Question 27

What part of the ear contains the hair cells?

Answer 27

Organ of Corti

Question 28

When stereocilia bend, they cause _____________ to open/close gated ion channels. This allows for ____ or ___ flow.

Answer 28

Tip links Ca2+ K+

Question 29

At the BASE of the basilar membrane, there is ____ frequency.

Answer 29

High

Question 30

At the APEX of the basilar membrane, there is ____ frequency.

Answer 30

Low

Question 31

Auditory information is routed through the ___________.

Answer 31

Thalamus

Question 32

To see close up, the eye must become ___________ due to ________________. As an object moves farther, the lens ___________ which pull on the ligaments.

Answer 32

Rounder Accommodation Flatten

Question 33

The ___________ epithelium absorb extra __________. They also ____________ old disks at the tips.

Answer 33

Pigment Light Phagocytose

Question 34

The point of absolute fine focus occurs in the ___________.

Answer 34

Macula

Question 35

What is the pathway of light to the eye?

Answer 35

Rods and Cones ➡️ Bipolar neuron ➡️ Ganglion cell ➡️ Fire AP (optic nerve)

Question 36

Rods are responsible for ___ light and _______ vision. _____________ is a signal transducer. ______ is the GPCR. ___________ is the visual pigment.

Answer 36

``` Low Night Rhodopsin Olson Retinal ```

Question 37

Cones are responsible for _______ vision and _______ vision. Cone opsin respond to ____________. Light _____________ these cells.

Answer 37

Sharp Colour RBG Hyperpolarize

Question 38

_______________ from Cis ➡️ Trans causes it to _________ which transduces the intracellular receptor activating the G-protein, ___________.

Answer 38

Photoisomerization Unkink Transducin

Question 39

The neurotransmitter used for phototransduction in Rods is ______________.

Answer 39

Glutamate

Question 40

The NeuroMuscular Junction consist of _____________, motor end plates, ______________, mitochondria.

Answer 40

Axon terminals | Schwann cell sheaths

Question 41

Sarcolemma is the _______________ of the muscle.

Answer 41

Plasma membrane

Question 42

Order the Skeletal Muscle group from greatest to least.

Answer 42

``` 1 Skeletal muscle 2 EPImysium 3 Muscle fascicle 4 PERImysium 5 Muscle fiber 6 ENDOmysium 7 Myofibril 8 Actin + Myosin ```

Question 43

Calcium binds to ___________.

Answer 43

Troponin

Question 44

Nebulin and Titin are structural proteins. Nebulin helps _________ actin, and Titin ___________ myosin.

Answer 44

Align | Stabilizes

Question 45

The contractile proteins of muscle are ___________ and ___________.

Answer 45

Actin | Myosin

Question 46

The regulatory proteins of muscle are ___________ and _______________.

Answer 46

Troponin | Tropomysosin

Question 47

In darkness, rods ____________ to -40mV.

Answer 47

Depolarize

Question 48

In light, rods ____________ to -70mV.

Answer 48

Hyperpolarize