Post Midterm 2 (Part 2) Flashcards
(47 cards)
T/F: GFR regulates itself and regulates the renal blood flow (RBF).
True
Tubuloglomerular Feedback (TGF)
GFR ____________, the flow through the tubules increase. The flow through the ______________ also increase. _____________ from the macula densa act on the afferent arteriole. The afferent arteriole ______________, and the GFR decreases.
Increases
Macula densa
Paracrines
Vasoconstriction
Paracrine signalling occurs at the __________________________.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
In TRANSepithelial transport, substances cross the __________ and ______________ membranes.
Apical
Basolateral
In PARAcellular pathway, substances pass through ______________ of adjacent cells.
Tight junctions
SGLT stands for …
Sodium-glucose linked transporter
GLUT is a _____________.
Uniporter
In glucose reabsorption, Na+ moves down its electrochemical gradient and uses the ________ to pull glucose into the cell. Glucose diffuses out of the _____________ side of the cell using the GLUT protein. Na+ is pumped out by
Na+/K+ ATPase.
SGLT
Basolateral
The primary driving force to pulling substances back in is due to HIGH __________________________ in the peritubular capillaries due to the ___________ left behind in the efferent arteriole.
Colloid pressure (Pi) Protein
Secretion removes _____________ and foreign substances.
Metabolites
Excretion route is mainly via _____________.
Kidneys
The molecules __ and ____ are for ECF volume and osmolarity.
Na+
H2O
The molecule __ is for cardiac and muscle function.
K+
The molecule ___ is for exocytosis of nts, muscle contraction and bone formation.
Ca2+
The molecules __ and ____ is for pH balance.
H+
HCO3-
Fluid and electrolyte balance involves integration of _____________, renal, and __________________ systems.
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Vasopressin is also known as ADH and _____________ vasopressin.
Arginine
Vasopressin controls the addition of _____________ in the apical membrane of the collecting ducts.
Aquaporins
Which stimuli trigger Vasopressin? These are sensed by the HYPOTHALAMUS.
1 High plasma osmolarity (>280mOsM; Interneurons)
2 Low blood pressure (Carotid + Aortic baroreceptors)
3 Low blood volume (Atrial stretch receptors)
Aldosterone acts on the _____________ cells of the distal tubule and collecting duct, which results in an increase of sodium reabsorption.
Principal (Na+)
Hyperkalemia is HIGH ____ in the plasma.
[K+]
Aldosterone is triggered by the ______ and the _____.
⬆️[K+]
⬇️BP
What is the Aldosterone pathway?
Decrease BP = RAS pathway ➡️ Adrenal cortex ➡️Aldosterone ➡️ P cells of collecting duct ➡️ Increase Na+ reabsorption/K+ secretion
High [K+] = Adrenal cortex ➡️Aldosterone ➡️ P cells of collecting duct ➡️ Increase Na+ reabsorption/K+ secretion
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Granular cells produce _________. Renin converts Angiotensinogen to _______. The _____________________ converts ANG I to ANG II. Aldosterone is released from the adrenal cortex which causes an ____________________ of the distal tubules.
Renin
ANG I
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
⬆️[Na+] reabsorption
