Midterm 2 (Part 2) Flashcards
(45 cards)
Excitation Contraction Coupling (Skeletal Muscle)
Somatic motor neuron releases ____ at NMJ. Net entry of ____ through ACh receptor channel initiates muscle AP. AP alters conformation of ______________ which opens ________. Calcium enters the cytoplasm.
ACh
Na+
Dihydropyridine L-type Ca2+ channel
Ryanodine receptor channel
RyR is _______________ gated.
Mechanically
___________ are force producing myocardial cells and pump ______.
Myocytes
Blood
Pacemakers generate _____________, rhythmic AP’s which are responsible for ______________.
Spontaneous
Heartbeat
Cardiac myocytes are connected in series by intercalated disks which contain ___________ and ________________ (electrical coupling).
Desmosomes
Gap junctions
Smooth muscles have no ______________ and T-tubules.
Sarcomeres
Excitation Contraction Coupling (Cardiac Myocytes)
AP enters cell from adjacent cell causing ____ influx. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel ______ and calcium enters the cell. Ca2+ binds to ___________ and triggers the channel to open. The local release causes a ___________ creating a calcium signal. Calcium ions bind to ___________ for contraction.
Na+ Opens SR RyR Ca2+ spark Troponin
The cardiovascular system consists of …
Blood
Heart
Blood vessels
The major blood vessels are …
1 Inferior and Superior Vena Cava
2 Pulmonary arteries
3 Pulmonary veins
4 Aorta
The heart is surrounded by ___________ to reduce fiction on the heart.
Pericardium
_______________ prevent AV valves from inverting.
Chordae tendinae
The atrioventricular valves consists of …
Tricuspid
Bicuspid (Mitral)
The semilunar valves consists of …
Pulmonary
Aortic
Ventricular CONTRACTION cause AV valves to _________, and semilunar valves to _________.
Close
Open
Ventricular RELAXATION cause AV valves to _________, and semilunar valves to _________.
Open
Close
What are the phases of Ventricular AP (Cardiomyocytes)?
0 - Rapid Upstroke (Depolarization) 1 - Notch 2 - Plateau 3 - Rapid Repolarization 4 - Rest
End-Diastolic Volume is _________.
135 mL
End-Systolic Volume is ________.
~65mL
Heart sounds are vibrations associated with valve closure.
LUB - DUB
S1 - S2
AV - Semilunar
Stroke volume is the AMOUNT of blood pumped by one _________ during a contraction.
SV = EDV - ESV
~70mL/beat
Ventricle
Cardiac output is the VOLUME of blood pumped by one ventricle in a given time. What is the equation?
CO = HR * SV
~5L/min
What are the mechanical events of 1 Cardiac Cycle?
Late Diastole (ventricles fill passively)
Atrial Systole (forces extra blood into ventricles; PASSIVE)
Isovolumic Ventricular Contraction (no blood ejection)
Ventricular Ejection (semilunar valve OPENS)
Isovolumic Ventricular Relaxation (blood flows back into cusps of semilunar valves and snaps them close)
The Wiggers Diagram
What are the events that take place starting with the left chambers?
1 Mitral valve CLOSES. 2 Aortic valve OPENS. 3 EDV 4 Aortic valve CLOSES. 5 Mitral valve OPENS. 6 ESV
Autonomic effect on …
SA Node are Parasympathetic _____ on M2 receptor or Sympathetic ___ on Adrenergic B1 receptor.
Ventricular Myocytes have an ___________ effect.
ACh
NE
Ionotropic
